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Pharmacology Final
Pharmacology Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| meds that cause malformation of death are known as | teratogenic |
| A.C. (abbrev) | Before meals |
| ETOH (abbrev) | Alcohol |
| drug makes another less effective | Drug antagonist |
| drug is taken with another drug so the two can be more effective than each would be alone (synergism) | Drug agonist |
| Hepatotoxic | impairment or injury to liver |
| Nephrotoxic | impairment or injury to kidneys |
| ototoxic | impairment of injury to ears |
| more soldiers died from_____________ than combat injuries | infections & wounds |
| Schedule IV | -Lower abuse potential EX:: Ativan, Valium & Xanax |
| Schedule III | -moderately addicting leading to limited dependence -many are combinations of less addictive meds with small amounts of narcotics EX:: Tylenol 3 |
| Schedule V | -lowest potential for abuse -OTC in some states requiring signature & ID of pt. EX:: cough suppressant w/ small amounts of codeine & diarrhea preparations |
| Schedule II | -High potential for physical & psychological addiction EX:: oxycodone, hydrocodone |
| Schedule I | Highly addictive NO medical use EX: heroin |
| Patients rights for safety | Patient, drug, dose, time, route, documentation |
| genetically engineered or alteration of animal cells | Synthesis |
| Process by which waste products are removed from the body. What are the main organs of this? | Excretion Kidneys |
| ______________ also known as biotransformation because the med is gradually transformed to a less active or inactive form. | Metabolism |
| to prevent a problem | prophylactic EX: vaccines |
| to treat symptoms to make a pt. more comfortable | palliative EX: pain meds./ Morphine |
| To cure or treat problem | curative EX: Antibiotics |
| To help diagnose a dx or condition | diagnostic EX: contrast dye |
| To replace a missing substance | replacement EX: hormones |
| To destroy tumors | destructive EX: chemo |
| The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action | distribution |
| movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissue | absorption |
| p.c. (abbrev) | after meals |
| TID (abbrev) | Three times daily |
| NPO (abbrev) | Nothing by mouth |
| IM (abbrev) | Intramuscularly- into muscle |
| ID (abbrev) | Intradermally- into skin |
| scored | the breakage of a tablet to attain a desired efficacy dose |
| ophthalmic | anti-infectives: eye drops, gels or ointments |
| anaphylaxis | Life-threatening allergic reaction Symptoms: itching, wheezing, anxiety, light-headedness, edema to face and neck. Treated with epinephrine |
| Pharmacodynamics | interactions of drugs at their site of activity. It examines the effect of the drug on the body |
| urticaria | hives |
| BID (abbrev) | two times daily |
| How to store controlled substance | Log and checked daily records kept for 2 years kept in double lock safe/cabinet need 2 nurses for waste |
| What needs to be on medication label | Pharmacy name, address, number Dispensing date RX number Pt. full name & address |
| Types of enteral meds | oral (by mouth) gastric (through the stomach) Rectal (from the rectum) |
| Verbal order | prescriber directs another healthcare professional to write a prescription Order may be in person or via phone Write clear and carefully READ BACK Not permitted for schedule II |
| Enteric Coated medications | designed to temporarily withstand attack by stomach acid, so that it does not dissolve in the stomach but allows release of med. in the intestine. |
| Contradictions to oral meds | pt. who cannot tolerate oral drugs such as those who have altered mental status or have nausea or vomiting that hinder them from safely ingesting the drug orally |
| for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human & vet drugs, biological products, medical derives, our nations food supply, cosmetics & products that emit radiation | FDA |
| Ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance. | OSHA |
| Which government agency controls regulation of drug on market? | DEA |
| PO (abbrev) | by mouth (orally) |
| PRN (abbrev) | as needed |
| QID (abbrev) | four times daily |
| SC (abbrev) | subcutaneously- into fat |
| IV (abbrev) | intravenously- into a vein |
| radioactive iodine, botulinum toxin | drugs sourced from toxins |
| calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium | drugs sourced from minerals |
| lanolin, Premarin, hormones | drugs sourced from animals |
| Foxglove & digoxin | drugs sourced from plants |
| ______________means many medications? Who is most susceptible? | Polypharmacy Geriatric pts. |
| Injection site of choice for infants and small children | vastus lateralis |
| This is the first name and shows the mix of chemicals being studied | Chemical name |
| common (Official) name of medication | Generic name |
| Manufacturer assigns after drug clears Phases 1-3 of clinical trials. Always capitalized | Brand/ Trade name |
| Sublingual | under the tongue |
| buccal | Space in the cheek & gums |
| Actions/ procedure following a needlestick/injury | Wash site, report to supervisor, and report to OSHA |
| If you administer medication after a patient refuses, you are guilty of ________? | battery |
| Types of parenteral route of medications administration | Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous |
| What is the Z-track method, why is it used? | Pulling the skin laterally, and hold it in the position while giving the injection. Insert needle at 90 degree angle release skin. this method is used to prevent medication from leaking out and for substance that are irritating |
| What is piggybacking? | hanging a secondary bag |
| what is spiking? | inserting the line into the bag |
| What is the catheter? (IV) | firm plastic piece that stays in the vein |
| What is priming? | Removing the air from the line |
| The technical term for a blood clot, an aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of blood that is attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the vessel lumen | Thrombus |
| Inflammation of the vein due to mechanical, chemical, or bacterial causes | Phlebitis |
| Infusion of nonvesicant fluid and medication into the tissue surrounding the vein | Infiltration |
| a solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed in a hard or soft soluble container, usually of a form of gelatin. | capsule |
| Why are tetracyclines contraindicated for pediatric clients? | Discoloration and erosion of tooth enamel |
| Which antibiotic requires peak and trough levels with IV administration? | Vancomycin |
| What substance is contraindicated with the administration of metronidazole due to significant nausea and vomiting? | Alcohol |
| Provide two priority teaching points for the client taking oral nystatin for candidiasis. | Swish and swallow Do not eat or drink for 30 minutes after administration |
| What is the distinct risk to the musculoskeletal system associated with the administration of fluoroquinolones? | Achilles' tendon rupture |
| Provide the explanation for taking the full course of antibiotics, even when symptoms are relieved. | Bacteria could still be present in your body, stopping treatment before the full course of antibiotics could cause the bacteria to continue to multiply and become resistant to the antibotic |
| Why are culture and sensitivity diagnostics completed? | To help diagnose an infection and help identify what medication is appropriate to treat the infection |
| Give 4 non-pharmalogical interventions for GERD | -Change diet; avoid spicy food, caffeine, alcohol, and acidic food -Don't lay down right after eating -Decrease stress, get plenty of rest -No smoking |
| What is a mucosal protectant? | Makes a thick coating and lines the stomach to protect it from stomach acid and gives ulcers a chance to heal |
| When do you administer sucralfate? | At least 1 hour before meals on empty stomach |
| What is the major causes of gastric ulcers? | Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) |
| List OTC medication that should be avoided while taking famotidine. | Antacids |
| Briefly explain how Histamine2-Receptor Antagonist (-tidines) treats reflux. | Suppresses the secretions of gastric acid by blocking histamine 2 receptors in the stomach |
| Patient Education with Proton Pump Inhibitors (-prazoles) | Do not crush, chew, or break extended-release capsules Take omeprazole once a day prior to eating in morning Avoid alcohol or irritating meds (NSADIS) Monitor for s/s bleeding May take up to 4-6 weeks for active ulcers to be treated |
| List side effects of antiemetics | EPS, hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects |
| What should a nurse include when advising a pt. about the use of montelukast? | Take the drug once a day in the evening |
| Loratadine has an advantage over traditional antihistamines such as diphenhydramine in that loratadine has: | a less sedative effect |
| The nurse would question an order for pseudoephedrine in a pt. with a history of which condition? | Atrial fibrillation |
| Discharge teaching to a patient receiving beta-agonist bronchodilator should emphasize reporting which side effect? | Palpitations |
| What pt education should be provided to client taking guaifenesin? | Increase fluid intake |
| The pt. is ordered Albuterol inhaler and Fluticasone diskus. How should the pt. self-administer these medications? | Take the Albuterol first the the fluticasone |
| List 3 anti-cholinergic effects | Can't see, can't spit, can't pee, can't poop. Dries you up. |
| Describe rebound congestion and how it can be prevented | Rebound congestion is where the congestion come back because of an overuse of a decongestant (pseudoephedrine). It can be prevented by only taking the decongestant for 3-5 days. |
| What is the only insulin administered intravenously? | Regular insulin (Short-acting) |
| Which insulin is NEVER mixed with other insulins? | Insulin detemir, insulin glargine (long-acting) |
| What type of syringe is appropriate to administer insulin? | Insulin syringe |
| How is lipohypertrophy avoided? | Rotating sites |
| Describe the steps for mixing short and intermediate acting insulins. | Draw air and add air to intermediate acting Draw air and add air to short acting Draw up short acting Draw up intermediate acting |
| Which oral hypoglycemic is held prior to intravenous contrast dye administration? | Metformin |
| Describe 4 common signs of hypoglycemia | Fasting heartbeat, sweating, dizziness, anxious |
| When a pt. becomes unconscious due to hypoglycemia what drug is administered? (include route) | Glucagon, SC, or IM |
| List a nursing intervention/education regarding levothyroxine. | Take med on empty stomach (before breakfast daily) Pt. will be on life-long treatment Monitor for signs of cardiac excitability |
| Identify the common side effects associated with ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril | DRY Cough |
| The nurse assesses the pts. HR prior to administration of metoprolol, the nurse will hold the medication if the pulse is less than _______________ BPM. | 50 |
| Symptoms may be associated with digoxin toxicity | Green/yellow visual 'halos' |
| Identify the reversal agent for warfarin | Vitamin K |
| How does the pt. prevent the development of tolerance to long-acting nitrates? | Remove patches at night |
| Which medication has an expected action of decreasing LDL cholesterol? | Metoprolol |
| Reversal agent for heparin | Protamine Sulfate |
| For the pt. on warfarin for anticoagulation what is the expected INR range? | 2-3 |
| ASA is contraindicated for children due to which condition? | Development of Reye Syndrome |
| What is the major side effects of all forms of anti-hypertensives. | Orthostatic Hypertension |
| Describe the instructions for the administration of enoxaparin. | Given Subq/ fatty tissue Do not remove air bubble Do not rub in |
| Provide the pt. education for the administration of sublingual nitrogen for chest pain. | Stop activity/lay down Place tab sublingual Wait 5 min, if not better call 911. Take a 2nd tab, wait 5 min. Take a 3rd. Do not take more than 3. Do not try to drive. |
| Give 2 points of client education with ACE-Inhibitors. | Dry cough-contact provider Monitor BP at home |
| Difference between ARB's & ACE inhibitors | No cough with ARB's |
| Nursing considerations prior to administration of Beta Blockers | Do not administer if HR is less than 50 |
| S/S of Digoxin toxicity and name reversal agent | -Fatigue, weakness, and vision changes(halos) -Digibind |
| What is the reversal agent for warfarin? | Vitamin K |
| Describe the difference in thrombolytics verses anticoagulants. | Thrombolytics- are clot busters; they dissolve clots that are already formed. Anticoagulants- prevent clot from forming. |
| Metformin What is it used for? Nursing considerations | Used to decrease blood sugars N/C: GI side effects, can be hard on kidneys, STOP 48hrs prior to procedure with iodine-containing contrast, Don't use with ETOH |
| Insulin Give 4 types Nursing considerations for each. Why do they need to rotate site of injection? | Rapid acting (aspart, lispro) have food ready Short acting ( regular) can be given IV Intermediate ( NPH) Cloudy Long acting (detemir, glargine) Never MIX Rotate: to promote absorption, prevent tissue damage |
| Aspirin(ASA) What is it used for? Nursing considerations | Antiplatelet-Headache, fever, pain N/C: GI discomfort/bleeding, Reye syndrome in children, ulcers, ototoxicity. |
| Acetaminophen What is it used for? Nursing Considerations What is the reversal agent? | antipyretic & analgesic: Fever, pain N/C: hard on liver, don't use with ETOH, do Not exceed 4g/day Reversal agent: acetylcysteine |
| Morphine Used for? What drug class? Nursing considerations/priorities Reversal Agent | Uses: analgesia, sedation, cough suppression. Is a Schedule II. N/C: Monitor VS frequent esp. respirations, do not stop abruptly with dependency, fall prevention, increase fiber & fluids Reversal Agent: Naloxone |
| Nitrates Mechanism of action/what they are used for ? Side Effects Nursing considerations | Vasodilator; angina, advancing cardiac dysfunction. Causes headaches, hypotension, N/C: Dont take with ETOH, Take at first sign of chest pain, avoid hot baths/whirlpool, hot tubs |
| Lisinopril What drug class? Nursing Considerations | ACE Inhibitor Treats high B/P Dry cough, orthostatic hypertension Change position slowly, fall risk, teach dangle, Monitor b/p at home |
| Anticoagulants: Heparin, enoxaparin, warfarin Actions/use: Reversal agent for each: | prompt anticoagulation such as stroke, DVT, PE (prevent clot formation) Reversal agent for: Heparin/enoxaparin: Protamine Sulfate Warfarin: Vitamin K |
| Antihypertensives Give subclasses Common side effect | ACE inhibitors, ARB's, Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel blockers, Diuretics Orthostatic Hypotension |
| Beta-Blockers Purpose/Uses Give example nursing considerations | beta blockage in the myocardium, treats high b/p EX: Metoprolol(the olols) N/C: Do not administer if HR is less than 50 bpm, dont stop abruptly, can mask hypoglycemia |
| docusate purpose/use | Stool softener, attracts water & fat to the stool to soften it Give to cardiac pt. to prevent straining |
| Loperamide (Imodium) anti diarrheal Purpose/uses | antidiarrheals |
| sulcrafate purpose/uses | Mucosal protectant acute duodenal ulcers Binds with stomach acid, turns into thick stuff that adheres to the ulcer to protect |
| Anti-Reflux Meds Part 1 Give classes and examples of each. What condititon are they used for? | Antacids-sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate: neutralized acid. /Take 1 hr before or after meals, 1hr apart from tetracycline or warfarin H2 Receptor Antagonists- famotidine/ (-tidines) decreases production of acid. Avoid ASA, |
| Anti-Reflux Meds Part 2 | H2 Receptor Antagonist- Do not take at same time as antacids. Proton Pump Inhibitor- omeprazole(-prazole) Inhibits the enzymes that produces acid. allows ulcers time to heal. Hard on veins |
| Anti-histamines Purpose/use Give example of traditional and newer | Dries it up. Blocks release of histamines from mast cells. Diphenhydramine: allergic rhinitis/ sedation Loratadine: Less sedation |
| Expectorants Purpose/Use Give example Nursing Considerations | Promotes cough production and thin secretions. Guaifenesin Drink lots of water |
| Glucorcorticoids purpose/use give example nursing considerations | Reduce inflammation of the airway mucosa/ anti-inflammatory Prednisone, Fluticosone (-sone) Causes dry mouth, blood sugar/ tapper steroids |
| Decongestants Purpose/use Give example Nursing consideration | Pseudoephedrine; reduces inflammation of the nasal membranes (breaks down and decongest) limit use to 3-5 days over use can cause rebound congestion, CNS stimulant, do not give with cardiac problems, or history of drug use |
| Asthma Meds Montelukast-action-nursing education albuterol-action-nursing education | Montelukast (preventative)prevent exercise induced bronchospasm. Is preventative, taken once daily at HS, Last 24hrs Albuterol-(fast acting) Relaxes smooth muscle in bronchial tree/bronchodilation. Tachycardia, tremors, angina/fast acting |
| Antibiotics Discuss general Nursing considerations/education for most all antibiotics. | Ask about allergy HX/educate pt. about wearing ID bracelet, monitor pt. 30 min. after admin., take with meals/full glass of water, take full course, Increase normal flora, monitor for candidiasis, monitor renal function, alternative birth control |
| Antibiotics Priority nursing considerations with IV/IM antibiotic administration | Monitor for allergic reactions |
Created by:
SamMcG11
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