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BIOCHEM CH 13

Final exam

QuestionAnswer
Lipid metabolism occurs in unicellular and multicellular organisms, eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Fat delivery triglycerides from food, lipolysis occurs in intestinal lumen, synthesis occurs in intestinal cell ER to form chylomicrons (fatty acids and monoacylglycerol), liver takes most cholesterol, adipose and muscle cells take TAGs
TAG storage -animals in adipocytes -mold/yeast/algae in vesicles and droplets -bacteria: vesicles
Fat catabolism: step 1 TAG are cleaved by lipases into glycerol and Fatty acids which are released into the blood
Step 1: glycerol soluble in blood
Step 1: fatty acids insoluble, carried by albumin in the blood
lipases convert fats to ATP in: adipose cells through lipid catabolism and the intestinal lumen through digestion
Fat catabolism: step 2 glycerol is taken up by liver cells and fatty acids are taken up by all cells
Fat catabolism: step 3a Glycerol enters the liver and is converted to DHAP or GAP for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis - glycerol kinase gets energy from ATP for phosphorylation - glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase coupled with reduction of NAD+
If energy is low which pathways will the products enter? DHAP and GAP enter glycolysis to produce ATP NADH enters oxidative phosphorylation
Fat catabolism: step 3b fatty acids are activated into acyl-CoA which enters the mitochondria and CAC, in cytosol of all cells
Step 3b steps: - ATP used to transfer acyl group from FA to CoA to make acetyl CoA - carnitine shuttles acyl through translocase in the mitochondrial membrane, then transferred from carnitine back to coA -acyl-CoA in matrix oxidize to enter CAC through beta oxidation
Beta oxidation pathway 2 carbons removed from acyl CoA to produce acetyl CoA, uses 4 enzymes and FAD and NAD+ are reduced
beta oxidation products: 1 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 acetyl CoA, 1 acyl CoA last round: 2 acetyl CoA
which metabolic pathway will the beta oxidation product join: acetyl CoA? citric acid cycle
which metabolic pathway will the beta oxidation product join: Acyl CoA? beta oxidation
which metabolic pathway will the beta oxidation product join: NADH and FADH2 oxidative phosphorylation
how many beta oxidations would C 16 H 32 O2 undergo? 7 beta oxidations, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2, 8 acetyl CoA
alternative fate for acetyl CoA in the liver Ketone bodies
ketone bodies made up of keto acids (acetyl CoA, acetoacetate, D 3 hydroxybutyrate, acetone), made from FA and amino acids, provide energy to cell when fasting, less ATP than FA, soluble
fatty acid synthesis location animal liver and adipose tissue cytoplasm
Fatty acid synthesis general process acetyl-CoA + 2 carbonds from malonyl CoA coupled with reduction of 2 NADP+ --> fatty acid - catalyzed by fatty acid synthases
how is acetyl CoA generated? pyruvate oxidation and beta oxidation
where is acetyl CoA located? mitochondrial matrix
where does fatty acid anabolism occur? cytoplasm
Fatty acid anabolism: step 1 -acetyl transport from mitochondria to cytosol by citrate -citrate produced from first step of citric acid cycle (oxaloacetate + aceyl, lose CoA to make citrate) -produce NADPH for FA synthesis
Fatty acid anabolism: step 2 -citrate is cleaved in cytosol to generate acetyl CoA - acyl carrier protein holds FA and has affinity for malonyl CoA and FA synthases -acyl carrier protein + acetyl CoA --> - CoA acyl carrier protein _ acetyl (2C)
Fatty acid anabolism: step 3 a) one acetyl is added to make acyl carrier b) other acetyl coAs are activated to malonyl CoA - acetyl CoA + CO2 + ATP --> Malonyl CoA + ADP + Pi + H+
Fatty acid anabolism: step 4 addition and reduction of two carbon units from malonyl CoA on acyl carrier to grow chain - 2 C from malonyl CoA transferred to acyl on carrier - 2 NADPH oxidized
Fatty acid anabolism: step 5 repeat until length is achieved
how many carbons does malonyl CoA have and how many does it transfer? malonyl CoA is acetyl CoA + CO2 so it has 3 carbons and transfers 2 carbons
C16H32O2 -first two carbons come from acetyl CoA generated by pyruvate oxidation -remaining 14 come from malonyl CoA (7)
Acetyl CoA from pyruvate oxidation - pyruvate ox --> acyl carrier protein --> CoA leaves --> acetyl acyl carrier protein
malonyl CoA reaction - malonyl CoA + acetyl-acyl carrier protein --> 2 NADPH oxidized --> acyl-acyl carrier protein + CO2 + CoA
ATP from glucose catabolism: -glycolysis: 2 NADH AND 2 ATP -pyruvate ox: 2 NADH -CAC: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP - Ox phos: 10 NADH (25 ATP), 2 FADH2 (3 ATP) total: 32
ATP from fatty acid catabolism -18 C FA activation: -1 ATP -18 C acyl CoA, 8 beta oxidations: 8 NADH, 8 FADH2, 9 Acetyl CoA -9 Acetyl CoA, CAC: 27 NADH, 9 FADH2, 9 ATP -Ox phos: 35 NADH (87.5 ATP), 17 FADH2 (25.5 ATP) total: 121
Created by: r.logan6029
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