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Ch. 6: Skin Notes
Chapter 6 The Integumentary System Notes Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the functions of the skin. | Protection, excretion, temperature regulation, sensory perception, and synthesis of vitamin D |
| Where is skin thicker? | Areas subject to wear and abrasion |
| Where is skin thin? | Thinnest on eyelids, eardrums, and external genetalia |
| What is a epidermis? | Thinner outer layer; composed of stratified squamous epithelial |
| What is a dermis? | Thicker inner layer; composed of irregular dense connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue and blood |
| What is the subcutaneous layer? | Not part of the skin, but under the dermis and closely associated with it; also called the hypodermis |
| What is the epidermis made of? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Where does the epidermis get its nutrients? | Since the epidermis lacks blood vessels, it gets its nutrients from the dermis |
| What does the epidermis protect against? | Entrance of pathogens, ultraviolet radiation, or excessive water loss |
| What is the stratum basale? | Innermost layer; basal layer |
| How does the stratum basale produce new cells? | Mitosis |
| What happens to older cells in the stratum basale? | New cells constantly push older ones up toward the surface of the skin, where they are eventually shed. |
| What is keratin? | Waterproofing protein; resistant to abrasion; forms the stratum corneum |
| What is the stratum corneum? | Outermost layer; consists of numerous layers of dead, keratinized cells |
| Name the layers of thick skin. | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum |
| What is a callus/corn? | Areas where skin is rubbed or pressed regularly causes cell division |
| What are melanocytes? | Specialized cells in the epidermis that produce melanin; absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight; located in the stratum basale and in connective tissue of the dermis |
| What is the function of the dermis? | Provides strength, extensibility, and elasticity |
| What is dermal papillae? | Where dermis and epidermis are joined; produce fingerprints |
| What receptors are located in the dermis? | Pressure, pain, heat, and cold receptors found deep in the dermis |
| What is the lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles? | Heavy pressure |
| What is the tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles? | Light pressure |
| What is the function of the subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia)? | Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs; heat insulator; storage site for fat |
| What is the subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia) composed of? | Consists primarily of loose connective and adipose tissue |
| Where are nerves located? | Covers the dorsal surface of the terminal portions of the fingers and toes |
| What does the nail consist of? | Nail plate, lunula, and nail bed |
| What is the nail plate? | Overlies skin surface |
| What is the lunula? | Most active growing region |
| What is the nail bed? | Skin surface |
| What are hair follicles composed of? | Keratinized cells |
| Name the two parts of a hair follicle. | Shaft and root |
| What is the shaft of a hair follicle? | Hair follicle that projects above the skin |
| What is the root of a hair follicle? | Hair follicles found below the skin |
| What is a hair follicle? | Inward, tubular extension of the epidermis; penetrates into dermis and usually into the subcutaneous layer |
| Where does hair growth occur? | Base of the follicle (due to cell division) |
| What causes hair color? | Due to genes, amount and type of pigment produced by melanocytes |
| What is the arrector pili muscle? | Goose bumps |
| Where is hair absent? | Soles, palm, nipples, lips, and portions of the external genetalia |
| How are exocrine glands formed? | Formed by inward growth of epidermis during embryonic development |
| What are sebaceous glands? | Oil glands; empty into hair follicles |
| What is sebum? | Oily secretion; keeps hair and skin pliable and soft, inhibits growth of some bacteria, reduces evaporative water loss |
| What does sweat do? | Plays a role in temperature regulation |
| What are eccrine glands? | Produces clear, watery perspiration lacking proteins that empties on the surface of skin through pores |
| What are apocrine glands? | Duct empties secretion into a hair follicle; primarily found in axillary and genital regions; produces whitish perspiration containing water, minerals, salts, urea, and proteins; bacteria metabolize and produce body odor |
| What are ceruminous glands? | Wax glands; found in external auditory canal; produces cerumen; helps keep foreign particles and insects out of auditory canal |
| What are mammary glands? | Secrete milk |
| What is hyperthermia? | Rise in body temperature |
| What is hypothermia? | Lowered body temperature |
| What is hemoglobin? | Red, found in blood |
| What is carotene? | Yellowish, found in stratum corneum and dermis |
| What is melanin? | Brownish black, produced in melanocytes; found in the deep layers of the epidermis |
| What does melanin do? | Protects the body from harmful UV rays (tanning) |
| What are freckles? | Small clumps of melanocytes |
| What is a first-degree burn? | Superficial partial thickness |
| What is a second-degree burn? | Deep partial thickness |
| What is a third-degree burn? | Full thickness |
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