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W&C Fa-22
Weather & Climate Fall 2022
Question | Answer |
---|---|
CO2 and water vapor absorb ____ radiation | Longwave |
Planetary albedo and absorption are part of what? | Incoming shortwave radiation budget |
Sunlight reflected from Earth to the dark side of Moon, directly measures albedo (A) | Earthshine |
Line connecting places with equal temperature (map) | Isotherm |
What are controls of temperature? | Latitude, altitude, ocean currents, urban vs rural, geographic positioning, cloud cover, albedo, differential heating of land and water |
Rotating drum calibrated to passage of days, stylus linked to bimetal strip | Thermograph |
The temperature a person perceives | Apparent temperature |
Latent heat of melting or fusion | 80 calories |
Solid to gas process | Sublimation |
Gas to solid process | Deposition |
Amount of water vapor in air | Humidity |
Mass of water vapor in a given volume of air | Absolute humidity |
Mass of water vapor in a unit of air compared to the remaining mass of dry air | Mixing ratio |
The part of the total atmospheric pressure attributable to its water-vapor content | Relative humidity |
Temperature to which air needs to be cooled to reach saturation | Dew point |
Device to measure moisture in content of air | Hygrometer |
Dry thermometer measures air temperature, wet bulb measures dryness of air | Psychrometer |
The equilibrium point between evaporation and condensation | Saturation |
Dry adiabatic rate | Unsaturated air cools at a rate of 10°C/1000m |
Lifting condensation level | Condensation is triggered when air rises high enough to reach its saturation point and form clouds |
Wet adiabatic rate | Reduced cooling rate because air ascended above lifting condensation level |
Elevated terrains acting as barriers to the flow of air | Orographic lifting |
Masses of warm and cold air colliding, cooler air acting as a barrier | Frontal lifting |
Converging horizontal air flow | Convergence |
Unequal surface heating causes localized pockets of air to rise | Localized convective lifting |
____ air resists vertical movement | Stable |
____ air rises due to buoyancy | Unstable |
Actual temperature of the atmosphere | Environmental lapse rate |
Air parcel returning to its original height after displacement | Stable |
Air parcel accelerating upward after displacement because of buoyancy | Unstable |
Air parcel staying at its new height after displacement | Neutral |
General downward air flow | Subsidence |
Adiabatic process | No heat exchange occurs across parcel boundary |
Heat transfer by the movement of material | Convection |
Heat transfer without the movement of material | Conduction |
Rayleigh number | Determines the onset of convection, ratio of factors promoting convection to inhibiting factors |
Reynolds number | Determines the mode of convection, laminar vs turbulent |
____ states that an object immersed in a fluid displaces a volume of water whose weight equals to the weight of the object | Archimedes' principle |
Resistance of the atmosphere to vertical motion | Atmospheric stability |
Clouds that form over wildfires with no rain (heavy nucleation, no growth) | Pyrocumulonimbus |
___ inversion (thin, erodible, causes storms) | Capping |
____ inversion (thick) | Subsidence |
Hook shaped clouds, precursors to bad weather | Uncinus |
Stratus or cumulus clouds that appear broken | Fractus |
Clouds with udder-shaped protrusions on bottom surfaces, associated with stormy weather | Mammatus |
Lens-shaped clouds, common in rugged/mountainous topographies | Lenticular |
Thin and wispy high clouds, move west to east | Cirrus |
High small, rounded white puffs individually or in long rows | Cirrocumulus |
High thin, sheetlike clouds | Cirrostratus |
Puffy gray middle clouds, less than 1km thick | Altocumulus |
Even middle gray clouds, no shadows | Altostratus |
Low uniform gray clouds, like fog that doesn't touch the ground | Stratus |
Low lumpy clouds | Stratocumulus |
Dark gray low clouds, continuous light/moderate rain/snow | Nimbostratus |
Puffy vertical cloud | Cumulus |
Very tall thunderstorm cloud | Cumulonimbus |
Radiation cooling of the ground and air leads to ____ fog, thickest in valleys | Radiation |