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Ch. 5: Tissues Notes
Chapter 5 Tissues Notes Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are tissues? | Layers or groups of similar cells with a common function |
| What are intercellular junctions? | Connections between cell membranes |
| What is histology? | The study of tissues |
| What are the 4 major types of tissues? | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| Where is epithelial tissue found? | Found throughout the body; covers and lines the body/organs |
| What does a basement membrane do? | Anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue |
| Describe epithelial tissue. | Lacks blood vessels; divides rapidly; tightly packed |
| What is squamous epithelium? | Flattened cells |
| What is cuboidal epithelium? | Cube-shaped cells |
| What is columnar epithelium? | Column-shaped cells |
| What is simple epithelium? | One layer |
| What is stratified epithelium? | Many layers |
| Describe simple squamous epithelium. | Single layer of squamous cells; nuclei are broad and thin |
| Describe simple cuboidal epithelium. | Single layer of cube-shaped cells; nuclei are spherical and located in the center of the cell |
| Describe simple columnar epithelium. | Single layer of elongated cells; nuclei found lower near the basement membrane |
| Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium. | Appear stratified, but are not; nuclei are at different levels; commonly have cilia |
| Describe stratified squamous epithelium. | Named for the shape of the cells on the outermost level; has a protective function; may be keratinized |
| Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium. | Lines lumen of the large ducts of some glands |
| Describe stratified columnar epithelium. | Named for the surface layer of cells; basal layer is cuboidal |
| Describe transitional epithelium. | Changes in response to increased tension (stretches); looks cuboidal when not tense, flattened when stretched |
| Describe glandular epithelium. | Composed of cells specialized to secrete substances into ducts or body fluids; more than one of these cells make up glands |
| What are exocrine glands? | Secretes substances into ducts that open onto surfaces |
| List 8 types of exocrine glands. | Simple, compound, tubular, alveolar, merocrine, apocrine, holocrine, and ceruminous |
| What are endocrine glands? | Secretes substances into tissue fluid or blood |
| What does connective tissue do? | Binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, insulates, stores fat, produces blood cells, etc.. |
| Describe connective tissue | Comprises most of the body; cells can divide; generally have good blood supplies; cells are far apart from one another |
| What is cellular matrix? | Fills the spaces between the cells; consists of fibers and ground substance |
| What are the two major cell types found in connective tissue? | Fixed and wandering |
| What is fixed connective tissue? | Reside in the specific tissue group; fibroblasts and mast cells |
| What are fibroblasts? | Produce fibers |
| What are mast cells? | Release heparin and histamine |
| What is wandering connective tissue? | Moves through and appear in other tissues; macrophages - phagocytes |
| What are the three types of connective tissue fiber? | Collagen, elastic, and reticular |
| What is collagen? | Thick threads of the protein collagen; is the major structural protein of the body |
| What is elastic? | Composed of elastin; is springy and easily stretched and deformed |
| What is reticular? | Very thin collagenous fibers; are highly branched and form delicate supporting tissue |
| What are the categories of connective tissue? | Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), and specialized (cartilage, bone, blood) |
| What is areolar tissue? | Forms thin, delicate membranes throughout the body; cells are mainly fibroblasts, and are surrounded by a gel-like matrix; Bind the skin to underlying organs, lies under epithelial tissue, fills the spaces between muscles |
| What is adipose tissue? | Fat; cells are called adipocytes; are enlarged, with nuclei pushed to one side; lies beneath skin, in between muscles etc.; used for padding, energy storage, and insulation |
| What is reticular connective tissue? | Thin collagenous fibers; forms the framework for many organs; Found in the spleen liver, lymphatic organs, etc. |
| What is dense connective tissue? | Consists of many closely packed, thick , collagenous fibers, a fine network of elastic network of elastic fibers, and a few cells, mostly fibroblasts |
| What is dense regular tissue? | Fibers are organized so that they are organized in the direction; very strong in that one direction; used in ligaments, tendons, etc. |
| What is dense irregular tissue? | Fibers are oriented in many directions; may withstand force in many directions; found in the dermis, under the skin |
| What is elastic connective tissue? | Mainly consists of elastic fibers; collagenous fibers and fibroblasts are found between the elastic fibers; found in the walls of hollow organs, large blood vessels, etc. |
| What is cartilage? | Rigid connective tissue; provides support, frameworks, attachments, provides protection, etc. |
| What are the three types of cartilage? | Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| What is hyaline cartilage? | Most common type; found on the ends of bones, the soft part of the nose, in the rings of the respiratory passageways |
| What is elastic cartilage? | More flexible than hyaline due to more elastic fibers; found in the external ears, framework of the larynx |
| What is fibrocartilage? | Toughest, contains many collagen fibers; Shock absorber; Found between the vertebrae, in the knees, etc. |
| What is bone? | Osseous tissue; most rigid connective tissue; hard matrix due to mineral salts; also contains lots of collagenous fibers |
| What is blood? | Cells suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma); cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments (platelets) |
| What are epithelial membranes? | Thin, sheet-like structures, usually composed of epithelial and underlying connective tissues, covering the body surfaces and lining body cavities |
| What are the three types of epithelial membranes? | serous, mucous, and cutaneous membranes |
| What are serous membranes? | Line the body cavities, reduce friction, and secrete serous fluid |
| What are mucous membranes? | Line the cavities and tubes that open up to the outside of the body |
| What are cutaneous membranes? | Skin |
| What are synovial joints? | Line joints; connective tissue membrane |
| Where is simple squamous epithelium found? | Found at sites of diffusion because substances cross through easily |
| Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found? | Found in the kidneys, thyroid gland, covering ovaries, and lines certain glands |
| Where is simple columnar epithelium found? | Stomach and intestines; specialized for absorption |
| Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found? | Lines reparatory passages |
| Where is stratified squamous epithelium found? | Located at areas of abrasion |
| Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found? | Located on the pancreas, mammary glands, salivary glands, etc. |
| Where is stratified columnar epithelium found? | Located on the male urethra and pharynx |
| Where is transitional epithelium found? | Lines the bladder, urethra, and ureters |
| Where is glandular epithelium found? | Glands |
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