Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
375 D/S/S
Development and Social Change/Sustainability
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Point Four | Point raised by Harry Truman in 1949 suggesting the need to develop and support nations newly liberated from colonial rule, establishing loyalty to U.S. ideals and economic development |
| temporal fallacy | Idea that third world nations are not only in a different location but different "time" and stage of growth, living behind other nations- supported by the differing viewpoints between the first and third world on development and lifestyles |
| modernization theory | theory that nations are all on a linear path/ladder of development, and can increase global standing through political, administrative and industrial/tech advancement |
| dependency theory | theory that addresses development's unequal interdependency- originating in colonial relations, stresses that development creates underdevelopment as some nations advance beyond others |
| economism | economic language, institutions and rules that shape and frame solutions to issues, even those outside the realm of such understanding, ie social/environmental issues |
| first and second nature | first: nature in the form of borrowed goods in natural systems second: the products of labor valued on how much is produced and created |
| political ecology | relations between first and second nature; political and economic causes of environmental change, highlighted to find alternative methods of survival/growth in the face of environmental change |
| neo-Malthusianism | theory that population growth grows exponentially while resources grow on a linear path; suggests that only way to balance the planetary system is by allowing those without resources to pass away and equalize population to sustainable resource management |
| sustainability | improving qualities of life while not exceeding carrying capacities of the planet at the expense of other beings |
| embedded economy | rooted in Feudalism, idea that the economy is part of the land and societal relations instead of a divided, market-central system |
| fictitious commodities | objects such as land, labor and money that aren't produced for the purpose of sale, but are treated as such- such thinking risks pushing labor and resources past ability and capacity |
| double movement | as the market expands for genuine commodities, the politicians, pressured by social movements, restrict its role in governing fictitious ones |
| market vs moral value | market value is based on prices of an open, supply-demand based economic valuation, while moral value is outside the market, based more on intrinsic or personal value |
| social reproduction | the normally unpaid labor necessary to keep households and communities functioning; rarely taken into account |
| human development index | a measurement system created that takes into account not only gross-domestic-product but other considerations of human well-being, ie life expectancy, knowledge/education, and overall social welfare |
| Amartya Sen's capabilities approach | idea that the extent of people's opportunity set and of their freedom to choose among this set the life they value is what really leads to utility (happiness) in lives, instead of just income that allows them the capacity to function at a certain level |
| commodity | a product that satisfies a need (has use value) that must be exchanged; according to Marx the hidden social relation of commodities is labor value |
| labor theory of value | proposed by Locke and Smith, the theory that what makes one product more or less valuable than another is best represented by the amount and quality of labor that went into producing it |
| use vs exchange value | use value is the qualitative aspect of a product's value, while exchange is the proportion in which objects are exchanged, which can change from time to time and place to place |
| commodity fetishism | the hidden social relation within an object, the labor value, is forgotten and mistaken as value of the product in and of itself |
| commodity chain analysis | a research method/process that explores the full "life" of a commodity, taking into account various social/economic/environmental factors in its production |
| colonialism | subjugation of one culture by another via physical/social means |
| colonies of settlement and rule | settlement colonies are when people are sent to live in a new area and establish lives there, often displacing local peoples, and rule is colonial administration of locals for resource extraction |
| colonial division of labor/unequal exchange | extracting third world raw materials for production and sending them back, for a price, to their third world origins as manufactured goods; controlled by the colonizing nation and created unbalanced import/export systems and reduced self-reliance |
| destruction of precolonial cultures/ecologies | a result of colonial rule, includes many social changes and disparities including lost customs, restructured gender/labor/leadership roles, and large-scale extraction of resources that harms complex ecosystem links |
| food aide regime | period of large exportation of U.S. government subsidized ag products; intention of controlling and manipulating product uses against undesired social institutions such as communism |
| PL 480 | aka "Food for Peace" bill, expanded market for U.S. ag commodities; initially appeared as win-win for involved nations, but significantly disadvantaged local farmers and reshaped dietary practices of countries receiving exports |
| non-aligned nations | An attempt to thwart or circumvent the politics of the Cold War, smaller nations created their own voice and established their own policies by opting out of Big Power interactions |
| Bretton Woods monetary agreement | establishment of commercial/financial relations among major industrial states by establishing currency rates and fixing them to the dollar, which was equalized to existing gold reserves |
| World Bank | organization born of the Bretton Woods agreements, funded organization of first world tech to third world, establishing its prominent position in development and environmental discourse to this day |
| International Monetary Fund | Stabilizer of international finance via disbursement of "necessary" credit to indebted nations |
| Green Revolution | initiative to change social and technological basis of third-world ag via conversion from mixed, self-sustained ag to high-yield monoculture dependent on first world tech and chemical inputs; disabled 3rd world production and reduced productivity of land |
| Import substitution industrialization | protection of domestic industry through tariffs and other barriers to overcome the inequalities created by colonial divisions of labor |
| global assembly line/world factory | organization of multinational firms in geographically dispersed areas; worldwide system of product manufacture/distribution complicates relationships of imports/exports, often at the expense of smaller nations and their local producers |
| export processing zone | specialized zones established by states to attract foreign investment in export production; these self-contained, secure facilities were given various concessions such as tax breaks, cheap labor and multiple subsidies to increase productive capacities |
| race to the bottom | economic form of competition structured around cost-cutting instead of firm improvements, puts excessive pressure on labor force and perpetuates their poor working conditions |
| NICs/NACs | NICs were 3rd world industrializing nations that pulled ahead of others in their production and export markets, while NACs did the same for agriculture via agro-exports and technologies; NIC included Taiwan and Hong Kong, NAC Mexico and Brazil |
| debt crisis | drastic reduction in currency supply, resulting in further offshore loans; significant private funds in 3rd world nations requires them to borrow more just to pay off existing loans |
| debt regime | use of debt restructuring to require structural adjustment; brought indebted countries further into open markets, reducing trade barriers and freeing trade relation |
| structural adjustment programs | restructuring of loan packages to allow transnational banks to control investment and infrastructure establishments; leveraged power towards transnational corporations (TNCs) and prioritized economic need over government controls |
| substitutionism | replacement of third world exports with manufactured alternatives, creating greater demand for first world products; some examples are soy and corn syrup |
| boom-bust commodity cycles | changing values of various commodities on a large scale, partial reason for changing prices and currency valuations; as countries increased production to earn foreign exchange, prices fell |
| neoliberalism | new form of economic liberalism premised on a free market, one focused on privatization, reduced governmental regulation, and less expenditure for the public good |
| World Trade Organization | established in 1995, organization purposed to regulate trade and provide framework for negotiation of trade agreements; lifted corporate interests above government via dispute regulations favoring the private sector |
| privatization | selling off of/elimination of public property, including many commodities thought to be for everyone's use |
| deregulation | principle within neo-liberal discourse that emphasizes reduction of government regulation that hinders economic growth |
| outsourcing | relocation of goods and services production to reduce costs and increase overall operational flexibility |
| dislocation | voluntary or involuntary migration resulting from disadvantages within WTO protocols, favoring corporate interests |
| informalization | expansion of livelihood activities below governmental radar; includes establishments of indigenous social networks providing needed material or emotional support in disadvantaged communities; another consequence of WTO protocols |
| hegemony | proposed by Antonio Gramsci, idea that dominant class poses questions around which a struggle rages, allowing elite interests to seem common-sense practice and control behaviors |
| power/knowledge regimes | conceptual idea proposed by Michel Foucault that power is not a thing but a relation, not just repressive but productive; this type of relation creates different types of knowledge that are world-altering and changing of social relations |
| green neoliberalism | idea that the promotion of development is good for the environment, built on the assumption that local people don't know the real "value" of their resources |
| hybrid state actors | people/organizations that assume roles normally occupied by governments, i.e. multinational organizations, NGOs, private corporations and national/state bureaucracies |
| local knowledge vs expert knowledge | split between local understanding of cultural and natural environments, often disregarded for "expertise" provided by Western world; misunderstandings of these local knowledge systems often results in unequal/ineffective development practices |
Created by:
passionflower7227
Popular Earth Science sets