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GNG1103
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is design thinking? | A non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions to prototype and test. |
| What happens in the empathize phase of the design process? | Attempt to understand the problem by putting yourselves in the users shoes. By first, defining the user and costumer. Gather information from the user (by observation, two types), and establish importance of all needs obtained. |
| What does it mean to passively observe raw data? | To watch the user in their natural environment. |
| What does it mean to actively observe raw data? | To engage in the users natural environment. |
| Should interviews be done with ALL users? | Yes |
| Can you deviate from the script during an interveiw? | Yes, but only when neccesary. |
| What should you put aside when collecting raw data? | Preconceived hypotheses about needs |
| What should you observe as well as the spoken data during an interview? | Non-verbal cues. |
| What is a lead user? | The user that will use your product the most. |
| What are the three types of lead users? | Lead users of the target application and market, lead users of similar applications, lead users that experience the problem faced. |
| How should you write the needs during the empathize phase? | In terms of what the product must do not how it might do it (NO SOLUTIONS). The needs should be collected directly from the raw data (including interviews). Avoid the words must and should. |
| How do you organize the product needs in the empathize phase? | Use a card or post it note for every need statement, eliminate redundant statements, group statements according to similarity, choose a label for each group(size of 2-5). EDIT |
| How can you establish relative importance for a need? | Discussing with the team, doing further costumer and user surveys. (rate the needs from 1-5, 5 being a critical need, 1 being the need is undesirable) |
| What is a focus group? | A small group of users. You may choose to interview users in focus groups if a large amount of users. |
| What are the overall steps in data collection for the empathize stage? (4) | Gather raw data, interpret data into needs, organize and prioritize the needs. Define problem statement |
| What is a problem definition? | A claim of one or two sentences in length that outlines the problem that will be addressed by the design process based on the user needs. |
| What should be included in the problem statement/definition? | What is the problem? who has the problem? Who needs the solution (who will decide if the problem has been solved), what form can the solution be (limitations of time, money, technologies...etc.). |
| What is the purpose of a problem statement for a working team? | To provide focus on the problem so the team does not deviate away from the actual problem while progressing through the project. |
| Should the problem statement be narrow or broad? | Broad, to allow for creativity and innovativeness for the solution to be solved. |
| What is design criteria? | A precise description of what the product has to be based on interpreted needs, aka requirements and characteristics. |
| What are the 4 sections that the design criteria is sorted into? | Functional, non-functional, metric, and constraints. |
| What is included in functional requirements? | Criteria which describes the "function" of the product. |
| What is included in non-functional requirements? | Criteria which does not directly define the function of the product. |
| What is included into constraints? | What set of important considerations must be considered in your design (time, money). |
| What design criteria is included in metrics? | Anything that is measurable (weight, size, speed) |
| What can metrics be used for later in creation of the product? | In the testing phase, to test if the product satisfies the needs. |
| How are metrics obtained? | Through benchmarking and functional design criteria |
| What are target specifications? Why do we set these? | Includes set values which are considered ideal and acceptable. The targeted functionality of the product. |
| What is technical benchmarking? | Technical benchmarking compares the functions of multiple products based off design criteria. |
| What is user benchmarking? | It is based off user experience of similar products that solve or almost solve the problem. (must reference multiple sources here!!!!!) |
| What is the purpose of benchmarking? | To gain knowledge of the resources out there to create your solution (opportunities to learn specific design approaches) |
| What are the steps when creating a benchmarking table? | Find at least 3 similar products (if they exist), organize them against each other, give them scores and declare a superior comparison product. |
| How do you give scores to products while benchmarking? | Use importance value established and multiply by the score given against the other products and sum all scores up for each specification. |
| What columns are included in a target specifications table? | Design specifications, relation, value, units and verification method(how will it be tested). |
| What are the five project management process groups? | Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, closing. |
| Is multitasking efficient? | Nope |
| What aspects are important to creating a good team? | Diversity (in terms of experience, background, personalities, ways of thinking... etc.) |
| Does working in teams get the job done faster? | Most of the time yes, when there are dependencies this duration may change. |
| What is the difference between a task and milestone? | A milestone has a due date, a task has an assigned person and is an activity with a duration. |
| What type of chart can be used to organize tasks and schedules? | Gantt chart |
| How can you estimate the time needed for a task? | 75% of the pessimistic estimate plus 25% of the optimistic estimate. |
| What is a pessimistic estimate? | Too long of time for a task. |
| What is a optimistic estimate? | Too short of time for a task. |
| What is done in the define phase of the design phase? | Put needs into design criteria, sort the criteria into the sections, benchmark, review problem statement. |
| What is done during the ideate phase of a design process? | Brainstorming of as many creative solutions as possible. Divergent phase. |
| What is meant by a divergent phase? | As may possible solutions as the team can. (all accepted) |
| How many conceptual designs should be executed during ideate? | At least three |
| How do you document the conceptual designs created? | Sketch and provide details (as many as possible) |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages to the orthographic drawing? | It shows true faces but is hard to visualize. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages to the isometric drawing? | Easy to visualize but no true faces |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages to the oblique drawing? | One true face, not photorealistic |
| Many systems are hierarchical, what is meant by this? | They have many sub-sections |
| What strategies are used for brainstorming ideas? | Cross stimulation (adding on with team), suspended judgement, formality of setting. |
| What are the two main roles that should be declared before having an idea discussion? | Chairman, notetaker. |
| What re the steps taken towards solving team conflict? | Acknowledge the conflict, understand the situation, reach an agreement |
| What are the conflict management styles? (5) | Dominating, integrating, avoiding, accommodating and compromising |
| Can all conflict management styles be beneficial? | Yes, depends on the situation. |
| What is the best conflict management style putting aside all affected factors? | Integration |
| What is engineering analysis? | Involves the application of principles and scientific analytical processes to study the properties and state of a system, apparatus or mechanism. |
| What stages are involved in engineering analysis? | Separating the system into modules or sub-components, analyze each component separately and then recombine all components using basic principles of physics and laws of nature. |
| What is the main purpose of engineering analysis? | To prevent failures by predicting results |
| What do you do in engineering analysis when two choices conflict each other? | Go back to design priorities and choose based off this. |
| How can you account for margin of error? | Overestimating or underestimating depending on the specification. |
| What is done in the prototype phase of the design process? | Prototypes are created and planned to be completed at specific times. |
| What are the different types of prototypes? | Comprehensive, focused, physical, analytical |
| What is the difference between comprehensive and focused prototypes? | Comprehensive may contain multiple design criteria's, focused only contains one or a few |
| What are focused prototypes good for? | Testing specific design criterium |
| Are analytical prototypes usually feasible? | No |
| How are comprehensive prototypes used? | Offers opportunities for rigorous testing of product. Usually used when a milestone is hit (when all components of the product are put together) |
| Does a physical or analytical prototype allow for more experimental freedom? | Analytical |
| What is the main purpose of testing? | To verify the product solves the problem. (or how well it does and if improvement is needed) |
| What are the test planning steps (6)? | Choose the purpose of the test, choose a specific design concept, choose a testing method (physical or analytical), perform the test, measure the important attributes, interpret the results and document conclusions. |
| When do you stop testing? | Until you run out of time, money, energy or are satisfied with the result. |
| What is meant by the fidelity of prototypes? | the degree at which the prototype and its testing conditions represent the final product. |
| what are the purposes of models? | to reduce investment, and control aspects of the design to simplify analysis |
| What is included in the cost of the prototype? | The cost of designing, building AND testing the prototype. |
| What is iteration time? | The time from designing the prototypes to when the analyzed results are available and used for planning another iteration. |
| What is organizational behaviour? | The study of how people react with groups |
| What is ergonomics? | Design of products, systems or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them. |
| What is user experience? | Overall the users experience (reviews) on the product. |
| What factors are important to consider when understanding users? | Experience, Personality, Attributes |
| What are user personas? | Putting information into one place about your costumers |
| Should personas be based on real people and data? | Yes, that's the point |
| What is important to consider when modeling? | assumptions, conceptualizations, implementation of constraints |
| Should you use one or more than one model when modelling? | more than one |
| what is analytical modeling? | Mathematical representations which have closed form solutions |
| What is numerical models? | Mathematical representations which don't have closed form solutions and are approximations or over time |
| What is finite element analysis? | Uses the concept of superposition on small easily calculated elements. An approximation of complex equations using simple ones. |
| What is important to consider with finite element analysis? | The assumptions made. e.g., accuracy |
| What is discrete time? | The time between two events |
| What is experimental modeling? | Modeling in which there is no mathematical solution |
| When does noise occur? | When too many variables are being manipulated |
| What is the percentage of non-verbal to verbal effective communication> | 65-35 |
| What are the costumers buying factors? | Time, Income, Risk, Expensive, State |
| What are the three ways to handle failures? | Detection, prevention and prediction |
| What is the probability of the failure of a system in series? | 1-(1-p)^2 |
| What is the probability of the failure of a system in parallel? | p^2 |
| What is the purpose of FMEA analysis? | To identify failure modes and come up with possible solutions to prevent failure. |
| What are the ratings included in FMEA analysis? | Severity of failure(1-10), occurrence of failure(1-10), detection of failure (1-10) |
| What is the formula for the risk priority number(RPN) | RPN=SOD |
| What should you do in FMEA analysis when the RPN is calculated? | Look for ways to lower it |
Created by:
Marsbar21
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