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Unit 3 Geo Test
Unit 3 geography test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| culture | all of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, & objects |
| cultural traits | all of the elements, visible & invisible, which are the building blocks of a culture |
| essential elements of culture | daily necessities (food, clothing, shelter), leisure activities (arts & recreation), languages, religion |
| cultural landscape | the visible representation of culture in a given area |
| norms | standards by which a culture lives; shared expectations & rules which guide behavior within a social group |
| taboos | behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture |
| habit | repetitive act that a particular individual performs |
| customs | repetitive act of a group, to the extent that it becomes a defining characteristics of that group |
| ethnocentrism | evaluating other cultures based on one's own culture |
| culture relativism | idea that one's culture should be evaluated based upon the beliefs of that culture & not judged against one's own culture |
| culture realm | larger areas with several common traits all cultures share, such as language, religion, etc.; there are 10 main culture realms so far |
| folk culture | beliefs & practices of small, homogenous, groups of people, often living in rural area, relatively isolated, & slow to change |
| pop culture | cultural traits such as clothing, music, movies, which spread quickly over a large area & are adapted by various different groups |
| cultural diffusion | the spreading of information, ideas, behaviors, & other aspects of culture over a wider area |
| relocation diffusion | spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate & carry their cultural traits with them |
| expansion diffusion | spread of cultural traits though direct or indirect exchange without migration |
| contagious diffusion | cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through direct contact among people |
| hierarchical diffusion | spread of culture outward from centers of wealth or importance |
| reverse hierarchical diffusion | a trait diffuses upward from lower class to higher classes in society |
| stimulus diffusion | occurs when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture, but modify it |
| acculturation | migrant moving to a new area adopts practices of their new area, while still maintaining some elements of their own culture |
| assimilation | ethnic group unable to be distinguished from the culture they have immigrated to |
| language | the method of human communication, either spoken or written , consisting of the use of words in a structured & conventional way |
| linguistics | the study of language |
| linguist | scientist who studies languages |
| dialect | variations within a language in accents, grammar, usage, & spelling |
| language tree | shows how several different languages are related to each other |
| language families | a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
| language branch | collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language; differences aren't as significant or old as between families |
| language group | collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past & display similar grammar & vocabulary |
| multilingual | someone who speaks more than one language |
| isoglosses | boundaries between variations in pronounciations or word usages |
| lingua franca | common language used by people who don't share the same native language |
| pidgin language | simplified mixture of 2 languages with fewer grammar rules & a smaller vocabulary |
| creole language | a new language which is the result of combining 2 or more separate languages & becomes widely spoken |
| religion | the belief in & worship of a superhuman power, such as a God or gods; a particular system of faith & worship; a pursuit of interest to which someone gives supreme importance. |
| theocracy | a form of government run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws |
| atheism | a belief that God does not exist |
| agnostocism | belief that nothing can be known about God's existence |
| monotheistic | belief in one god |
| polytheistic | belief in multiple gods |
| universal religion | appeals to people in all parts of the world; actively seeks to convert followers |
| ethnic religion | appeals only to people of a certain culture or group of people in one location; most followers are born into the religion |
| animism | belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
| autonomonous religion | a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally |
| branch | a large and fundamental division within a religion |
| caste | the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law |
| cosmogony | a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe |
| denomination | a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body |
| fundamentalism | literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect) |
| ghetto | during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure |
| hierarchical religion | a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control |
| missionary | an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion |
| pagan | a follower of a polytheistic religion |
| pilgrimage | a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes |
| sect | a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination |
| solstice | An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's position in the sky to reach it most northenmost or southernmost extreme, and with the short & long days |
| syncretic | a religion that combines several traditions |
Created by:
jeanay26
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