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Hypertension
hypertension
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sympathetic Nervous system (4) | Overall increase in CO and SVR,: Increases heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction in peripheral arteries, release of renin to raise BP. SHORT TERM- seconds |
| Blood pressure calculation | Cardiac Output (CO) x Systematic Vascular resistance (SVR) |
| alpha-1 (a1) adrenergic receptor (2) | Vasoconstriction and increased contractility in vascular smooth muscle and heart |
| alpha-1 (a2) adrenergic receptor (2) | Vasoconstriction and inhibition of norepinephrine release (lowers BP and HR) in presynaptic membrane and vascular smooth muscle |
| beta-1 (B1) adrenergic receptor (4) | Increases contractility, heart rate, conduction, and renin secretion in the heart and juxtaglomerular cells |
| beta-2 (B2) adrenergic receptor (4) | Vasodilation, relaxation, gluconeogenesis (increase glucose), increase in secretions |
| Dopaminergic receptors | Vasodilation |
| Renal System (RAAS) (5) | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Drop in BP causes release of renin, converted to angiotensin, then angiotensin 1 and 2. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction (BP rises) and release of aldosterone (retain H20 and Na but loses K). |
| Endocrine System (5) | Stimulation of SNS: epinephrine (beta 2 adrenergic receptors), norepinephrine, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone |
| Normal BP | 120/80 |
| Hypertension | greater than or equal to 140/90 SUSTAINED elevation |
| Stage 1 Hypertension | 140-159/90-99 |
| Stage 2 Hypertension | Greater than 160/100 |
| Hypertension and diabetes mellitus | less than or equal to 130/80 |
| Isolated systolic Hypertension (ISH) | SBP greater than or equal to 140, DBP less than 90 Loss of elasticity |
| Pulse pressure | Difference between SBP and DBP (SBP-DBP) |
| Primary (essential) hypertension | Without specific cause. Asymptomatic Risk factors: High SNS activity, high Na, vasoconstriction, diabetes mellitus, overweight, alcohol |
| Secondary Hypertension | With a specific cause (identified and corrected) Causes: narrowing of aorta, renal disease, endocrine/neurological disorders, sleep apnea, medications, pregnancy |
| Symptoms of severe primary hypertension | Fatigue, reduced activity tolerance, dizziness, palpitations, angina, dyspnea |
| Hypertensive crisis | Severe/abrupt elevation in BP (DBP > or = to 120-130) |
| Hypertensive emergency | Evidence of acute target organ damage |
| Hypertensive urgency | BP severely elevated but no clinical evidence of target organ damage |
| Hypertensive Crisis manifestations (encephalopathy, renal insufficiency, rapid cardiac decompensation) | Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Seizures, Confusion, Stupor, Coma, Blurred vision, Transient blindness, renal impairment or shutdown, unstable angina to infarction, pulmonary edema, aortic dissection |
| Hypertension medications | Diuretics, a1 and beta adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, angiotensin inhibitors, calcium channel blockers |
| Primary hypertension drug therapy | Thiazide diuretics', ACE-1, ARB, long-acting CCB, beta-blocker, single pill combination |
| Complications of primary hypertension | LV hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia and infarction, Left sided HF, sudden death, aneurysms, acute aortic syndromes, gangrene, thrombosis, sclerosis, hemorrhage |
Created by:
selenay15
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