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BIO 202 Lymphatic

Lymphatic System

QuestionAnswer
Excess tissue fluid. Edema
All reticular lymphoid organs are composed of reticular connective tissue except? Thymus
Large isolated clusters of lymphoid follicles, structurally similar to tonsils, that are located in the wall of the distal portion of small intestine. Peyer’s patches
Lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils. Lymphoid Organs
These types of cells differentiate in the thymus. T Cells
Cells that recognize antigens and produce plasma cells. B Cells
The lighter-staining center of a lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers
Receives lymph drainage from the digestive organs. Cisterna Chyli
Internal portion of a lymph gland where cells are arranged in a cord like fashion. Medulla
Lymph enters the subcapular sinus of the lymph node through the ________ . Afferent lymphatic vessels
As lymph exits the hilum there are fewer of these types of vessels draining the node than feeding it. What is the name of the vessels draining the node? Efferent lymphatic vessels
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed: Lymph nodes
The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called: Peyer's patches
The thymus is most active during: Childhood
The lymphatic capillaries are: More permeable than blood capillaries
Lymph leaves a lymph node via: Efferent lymphatic vessels
By secreting hormones, the thymus causes what cells to become immunocompetent? Lymphocytes
When the lymphatics are blocked due to tumors, the result is: Severe localized edema distal to the blockage
What is a bubo? An infected lymph node
The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: Peyer's patches
Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the: Lower extremities
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except: Islets of Langerhans
Functions of the lymphatic system include: Transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: Lingual tonsils
Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? Red blood cells
A sentinel node is: The first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
What does Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles
Which lymphocyte cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies in to the blood B cells
Lymphoid tissue is predominately what kind of tissue? reticular connective tissue
A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) Tonsil
Explain why the lymphatic system is a one-way system, whereas the blood vascular system is a two-way system. Blood vessels form a complete circuit from and to the heart. The lymphatic system lacks arteries and begins with blind-ended lymph capillaries. Thus, it is a "return" system only.
How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins? They are thin walled and have valves.
How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries? Lymph capillaries are more permeable and are blind ended; they have no "feeder" arterioles.
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels? To pick up and return excess tissue fluid (and leaked proteins) to the blood vascular system.
What is lymph? Leaked plasma (but contains fewer proteins). Tissue fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels.
What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid? "Milking" action of skeletal muscles; pressure changes in the thorax.
What is the cisterna chyli? Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct, which receives lymph from the digestive viscera.
How does the composition of lymph in the cisterna chyli differ from that in the general lymphatic stream? They are the same except that the lymph in the cisterna chyli is very fat-rich.
Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct? Right half of upper torso and head; right arm.
What are the two major functions of the lymph nodes? To remove debris from the lymph and to provide a site for cloning and multiplication of lymphocytes.
The radical mastectomy is an operation in which a cancerous breast, surrounding tissues, and the underlying muscles of the anterior tharocic wall, plus the axillary lymph nodes, are removed. After operation, the arm becomes edematous. Why? The lymphatic fluid is not being drained from the area due to a disruption of lymphatic vessels and nodes.
What is the function of B cells in the immune response? Upon antigen challenge, they clone to produce daughter cells, most of which are plasma cells that release antibodies to the blood.
What is the role of T cells? Mount cell-mediated immunity. Attack virus-infected cells, tumor cells, bacteria, etc. Also activate B cells and enhance the migration of other WBCs into the area to help destroy antigens.
What structural characteristic ensures a slow flow of lymph through a lymph node? There are more afferent than efferent vessels.
Why is it desirable to have more afferent than efferent vessels to ensure a slow flow of lymph through a lymph node? Allows time for the macrophages in the node to remove antigens and other debris, and for activation of immune cells.
What similarities in structure and function are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils? All are lymphoid tissue containing macrophages and lymphocytes. They are all area where exposure to antigen causes lymphocytes to proliferate and form clones.
Distinguish between antigen and antibody. An antigen is a molecule capable of provoking an immune response. An antibody is a protein produces by plasma cells that interacts with a particular antigen to form a complex.
Describe the structure of the immunoglobulin monomer. Four polypeptide chains, two "heavy" and two "light" held together by disulfide bonds to form a Y-shaped molecule. Each chain has constant and variable regions.
Are the genes coding for one antibody entirely different from those coding for a different antibody? Explain. No. Only a few genese exist for coding antibody-constant regions; therefore many antibodies have identical e regions. The variable (antigen-binding) regions differ for each antibody responding to a different antigen.
 

 



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