Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
infection
pathophysiology NUR 304
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define infection | the body's response to microorganism invaders after defense mechansims fail |
| What are the four types of invaders? | bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites |
| Define bacteria | singe-celled organism that reproduces by cell division and contain proteins that cause infection when released |
| Define exotoxins | released during cell growth |
| Define endotoxins | released as the cell wall of the bacteria breaks down |
| How is bacteria classified? | by shape, growth requirements, and mobility |
| Define aerobic | requires oxygen |
| Define anerobic | does not require oxygen |
| Define virus | a tiny (smaller than bacteria), nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell (needs a host) resulting in infection |
| Define fungi | a large microorganism that reproduces by division and have a true nucleus |
| What are the two types of fungi? | mold and yeast |
| Are molds anaerobic or aerobic? | aerobic because they need oxygen |
| Define parasite | an organism that lives on or in a host and causes the host harm by living there |
| Where are parasites commonly found? | in rural or developing areas; mostly due to unclean water |
| How does a parasite enter a host? | through the mouth or the skin |
| Where do parasites commonly reside? | the intestines |
| What are the modes of transmission? | direct, airborne, indirect, vector, and airborne |
| Explain the direct mode of transmission | requires contact with infected persons or their bodily fluids (ex: chicken pox) |
| Explain the indirect mode of transmission | handling a contaminated item (ex: snotty kids at daycare sharing toys) |
| Explain the droplet mode of transmission | inhaling infectious droplets (ex: a person with COVID sneezes next to you) |
| Explain the airborne mode of transmission | inhaling contaminated air (ex: TB) |
| Explain indirect fecal-oral transmission | occurs when pathogens from feces of one organism infects another organism; ingesting contaminated food or water |
| Explain vector transmission | transmission of an infectious agent by an insect, arthropod, or animal (ex: mosquitoes carrying malaria) |
| Describe chain of infection | infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| Define fomite | a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person (ex: toilet seat, door handles, or toys) |
| How can a pathogen gain access to a host? | through skin; via contact or break in skin barrier, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or the genitals |
| What are the barriers to infection? | skin:physical barrier, stomach: acid barrier, cilia: lines respiratory tracts and sweeps microorganisms up and out of the body, lysozymes: kills bacteria, and normal flora: normal microorganisms found on and in the body that provides protective functions |
| What are some risk factors of infection? | poor nutrition, stress, humidity, poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, occupational exposure, pollution, dust, meds, hospitalization, and the immunocompromised |
| Explain a urinary tract infection (UTI): | inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by microorganisms |
| What are some typical causes of UTI? | bacteria (specifically E. coli) |
| How are UTIs classified? | lower and upper UTIs |
| Where can a lower UTI happen? | urethra (urethritis) or the bladder (cystitis) |
| Where can an upper UTI happen? | kidneys (acute pyelonephritis) and rarely the ureters |
| Where does infection of the urinary tract usually start? | in the lower urinary tract and migrates upward as infection progresses |
| Is a healthy urinary tract sterile or non sterile? | sterile |
| Why is it more common for women to get a UTI? | the proximity of the urethra to the rectum allows bacteria to colonize the urethra and spread upward |
| What assists to clear bacteria from the urinary tract? | continual outflow of urine |
| What does stagnant urine allow? | bacterial growth |
| Bacteria can change the ph of urine allowing what to form? | renal calculi (stones) |
| What does a lower UTI NOT usually cause? | FEVER |
| What are some CM of UTI? | urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, cloudy, strong smell, and potential hematuria |
| What is the urinalysis for UTI? | positive for bacteria, leukocyte esterase, neutrophils, nitrite, and maybe for RBC indicating hematuria, and a WBC > 10 |
| What happens to a postie urinalysis? | it will be cultured to determine the cause |
| Define urosepsis | severe complication of a UTI where the infection spreads to the bloodstream |
| What are some CM of urosepsis? | fever, chills, CONFUSION, disorientation, and hypotension |
| Who is most at risk for urosepsis? | the elderly, catheterized patients, immunocompromised, patients with obstruction, and males with BPH, or men over age 60 |
| What are some risk factors for UTI? | improper perineal hygiene, tight and restrictive undergarments, irritating bath products, sex, dehydration, diabetes, bladder cancer or cancer near the bladder, cancer treatment |
| What s the treatment for UTI? | antibiotics (broad spectrum until the culture reveals specific organism), and increase hydration |
| Define pyelonephritis | a kidney infection that is specific to the renal pelvis and interstitium, that is caused by bacteria, fungus, or virus |
| How is pyelonephritis typically spread? | a lower UTI |
| What are some CM of pyelonephritis? | FLANK/GROIN PAIN. cva tenderness, urinary frequency, dysuria, malaise, nausea, vomiting, possible hematuria, fever, chills |
| What are some risk factors for pyelonephritis? | lower UTI, prostatitis, obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, CAUTI, and pregnancy |
| Define obstructive uropathy | stagnant urine allowing bacterial growth and backflow into the kidney |
| Define a neurogenic bladder | nerves no longer properly control the bladder. results in the inability to completely empty the bladder. urinary retention allows for bacterial growth that can go to the kidneys |
| Define a vesicoureteral reflux | when urine refluxes from the bladder into the ureter allowing for bacterial growth leading to ascending infection |
| Define cauti | bacteria introduced into the bladder via medical instrument and ascends to the kidneys |
| What does a urinalysis look like for pyelonephritis? | positive for bacteria, leukocyte esterase, neutrophils, nitrite, and maybe RBC indicating hematuria, and WBC > 10 |
| What is the treatment for pyelonephritis? | antibiotics (broad spectrum until the cause is known), analgesics for that flank/groin pain, antipyretics for fever, and the treatments usually take at least two weeks |
| Define glomerulonephritis | renal disorder caused by immunological response causing inflammation in the glomeruli (specifically the epithelial layer) |
| What is a common cause of glomerulonephritis? | Streptococcal infection |
| What is the pathophysiology for glomerulonephritis? | the antigen ends up trapped in the glomeruli & results in nephron dysfunction, inflammatory process releases subs increasing membrane permeability that leads to glomerular injury, leads to low WBC and albumin, edema and diminished urine output happens. |
| What can glomerulonephritis progress to? | end stage renal disease |
| What are some risk factors/causes for glomerulonephritis? | can happen after a streptococcal infection; 7-21 days after initial infection, caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, or fungi, (Rubella, mumps, epstein barr, cytomegalovirus, post-goodpasture's syndrome, and common in kids age 5-15; typically boys |
| Define cytomegalovirus (CMV) | viral infection that once you get it; you will always have it |
| Define eptein-barr | a viral infection that spreads through saliva aka mono |
| What is post-goodpasture's syndrome? | an autoimmune condition |
| What are some CM of glomerulonephritis? | sudden edema (periorbital edema), decreased urination, coffee/cola colored urine, weight loss, dyspnea, orthopnea, hypertension, crackles, nausea, abdominal pain, cva tenderness, malaise, arthralgia, meatura, proteinuria |
| Deine orthopnea | cannot breathe while lying down |
| What are the labs/diagnostics for glomerulonephritis? | elevated BUN & creatine, serum protein is decreased, low serum albumin, decreased hgb, ELEVATED antistreptolysin-o titer, enlarged kidneys, renal biopsy confirms diagnosis, and urinalysis shows WBC, RBC, and protein |
| What is the treatment for glomerulonephritis? | antibiotics, diuretics to reduce fluid overload, vasodilators for htn, corticosteroids to decrease antibody synthesis and suppress inflammation, antipyretic for pain, and plasmapheresis to clear antibodies in severe cases |
| Define pneumonia | an inflammation of the lung tissue, where the alveolar spaces fill with inflammatory cells and fibrin caused by infection (BACTERIA, VIRUSES, rickettsia, yeast, aspiration, chemical inhalation) |
| How is pneumonia spread? | respiratory droplets |
| Pneumonia infectious inflammatory process leads to excessive stimulation of respiratory that secrete what? | mucous |
| What does excess mucous between alveoli and capillaries in the lungs sound like? | crackles |
| Ventilation vs. perfusion with pneumonia =? | low ventilation, normal perfusion |
| What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia? | inhalation of droplets containing microorganisms, droplets enter upper respiratory tract & spread to lung tissue, pathogens adhere to epithelium & stimulate inflammation reaction, spreads to lower respiratory tract and alveoli |
| What are the types of pneumonia? | community acquired, nosocomial, ventilator-associated (VAP), aspiration, legionella, and mycoplasma |
| Explain community acquired pneumonia? | any type of pneumonia that is not contracted in a healthcare facility |
| Explain nosocomial pneumonia? | pneumonia that develops 48 hours after hospitalization |
| Explain VAP | pneumonia happens after the pt gets an acute/chronic ventilator/ longer on ventilator = increased risk for developing pneumonia |
| Explain aspiration pneumonia | caused by foreign matter that is inhaled into the lungs. causes inflammatory changes & inactivated surfactant. acidic gastric juices damage airways & alveoli resulting in secondary pneumonia |
| Explain legionella pneumonia | spreads through contaminated water systems or air conditioning systems |
| Where is legionella pneumonia most common? | in dorms and hotels |
| Explain mycoplasma | aka walking pneumonia. the less severe type. CM: cough, headache malaise, earache, and fever |
| What are the CM for every type of pneumonia except mycoplasma? | cough, fever, chills, pleuritic chest pain (tenderness), dyspnea, hemoptysis, decreased exercise tolerance, myalgias, headache, abdominal pain, nausesa, vomiting, tachypnea, cyanosis, hypoxia, and hypercapnia |
| How is pneumonia diagnosed? | chest x-ray, complete blood count (CBC: differentiate between bacterial vs. virus), arterial blood gas (ABG), pulse oximetry, sputum culture, blood cultures |
| What are some risk factors of pneumonia? | smoking, tracheostomy, abdominal/thoracic surgery, premature birth, high risk aspiration (comatose, decreased gag reflex, stroke, ng tube, drunk or high), immunocompromised, advanced age, chronic illness, exposure to noxious gases, & comorbidities |
| How do we treat pneumonia? | antibiotics, symptom management, bronchodilators to open airways, corticosteroids to decrease inflammation, pneumonia vaccine for prevention in elderly, infants, and those high at risk |
Created by:
keiondraharden
Popular Nursing sets