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elimination
pathophysiology NUR 304
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are kidney stones often found? | ureter |
| What is the function of the kidneys? | filter waste products and excrete urine, break down drugs, manage electrolytes, controlling BP (RAAS), metabolize hormones, conserve and excrete water, regulate RBC production, Synthesize vitamin D, balance pH of bloodstream |
| What percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive? | 20-25% |
| What is the functional unit of the kidneys? | nephron |
| What is a nephron? | renal corpuscle and renal tubule(PCT, DCT, and loop of henle) |
| Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) | the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined (90-120 mL/min); diminishes with age! |
| Define glomerulus | A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of FILTRATION |
| Defin eproximal convoluted tubule | the first segment of a renal tubule; 60% of H2O, and Na and K+ are reabsorbed into the blood here |
| Define Loop of Henle | located between the PCT and DCT; urea is secreted into the tubule fluid, 25% of electrolytes and 15% of H2O is reabsorbed |
| Define distal convoluted tubule | a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system; ALDOSTERONE reabsorbs H2O and Na into blood and secretes K+ into tubule fluid |
| What is the collecting duct? | ADH reabsorbs water into bloodstream and highly concentrated urine is formed. |
| What are the three types of renal dysfunction? | Prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal |
| Define Prerenal dysfunction | caused by decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney (directly affects GFR!) |
| What are some things that may cause prerenal dysfunction? | hypovolemia, hemorrhage, shock |
| Define Intrarenal dysfunction | direct damage to structures within the kidney |
| What are some things that may cause intrarenal dysfunction? | nephrotoxic medications, NSAIDS, antibiotics, renal infections, and systemic diseases(Hypertension, diabetes) |
| Define postrenal dysfunction | related to obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys |
| What are some things that could cause postrenal dysfunction? | obstructive uropathy (kidney stone, prostate gland enlargement, bladder cancer) |
| Define hydronephrosis | when a blockage causes urine to back up into the ureter and kidney causing it to be fluid overloaded. |
| urine is _______________ to nephron cells? | toxic |
| urine stagnation causes a ________________ risk for infection? | increased |
| Define Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) | Damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or ischemia. cells breakdown and block the nephron tubules |
| What are the Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) stages? | initial, oliguria, diuresis, recovery |
| What is the initial stage of AKI? | from insult until clinical manifestations; looks at things that happened before AKI and possible causes for injury |
| What is the oliguria stage of AKI? | fluid overload, decrease GFR and urine output, urea retention; <400 mL urine in 24 hours is considered oliguria |
| What is the Diuresis phase of AKI? | marked by a gradual increase in urine output, which signals that glomerular filtration has started to recover. Urine may or may not be concentrated yet (isosthenuric) |
| What is the Recovery phase of AKI? | Injury repaired and normal renal function reestablishes |
| What are some CM of an AKI? | fatigue, confusion, abdominal pain, EDEMA, constipation, oliguria, increased K+, creatinine, and BUN |
| What can skew BUN levels? | muscle tone and dehydration (muscular= increased BUN) |
| What is the best indicator of kidney function? | creatinine |
| What are the normal values for creatinine? | 0.5-1.5 mg/dL |
| Define RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) | Renin released by kidneys; lowers blood volume; angiotensinogen produces angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II with ACE enzyme; angiotensin II stims adrenal gland to release aldosterone & cause vasoconstriction & Na & H2O retention |
| What is Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) most common in? | acute kidney injury |
| what is an acute kidney injury (AKI) | Acute, severe decrease in renal filtration function |
| what aspects of urine can be assessed? | odor, color, foamy, blood ,pain/burning, abdominal/flank pain, change in urine output or frequency of urination |
| What does a urinalysis detect? | glucose, ketones, leukocyte esterase, crystals, blood, nitrate |
| What does a GFR <15 mean? | kidney failure |
| What does a GFR >60 mean? | normal |
| Define azotemia | Condition of increased amounts of nitrogenous waste products in the blood |
| Define Erythropoietin | A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| Define ulcerative colitis | located in the colon, bloody stool, right side abdominal pain, superficial ulcers, continuous inflammation |
| Define Crohn's disease | located in GI tract, no blood, left sided abdominal pain, very deep ulcers, patchy inflammation |
| What are some s/s of benign prostatic hyperplasia? | weak urine stream, urge to urinate, nocturia (urination at night), dribbling, incontinence, and increased urine output |
| Where does ulcerative colitis begin? | begins in the rectum and goes up |
| What do goblet cells release? | mucus |
Created by:
keiondraharden
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