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cellular regulation
including cancer and genetics: NUR 304
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does etiology mean? | the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease |
| Define Atrophy | a decrease in cell size from the lack of use |
| Define Hypertrophy | an increase in cell size from exercise |
| Define Hyperplasia | an increase in cell number |
| Define Metaplasia | the replacement of one cell type with another cell type |
| Define Anaplasia | cells that have lost the distinct characteristics that define them as a particular tissue type |
| Define Dysplasia | the abnormal arrangement of cells |
| Define cancer | derived from the greek word karkinoma, not always a tumor, aka a neoplasm, abnormal growth from uncontrolled proliferation |
| Describe how cancer arises | since cancer is a genetic disease, it affects the changes to the genes and how they function, grow, and divide. Cancer cells have more mutations in DNA than normal cells |
| What are the drivers of cancer? | Proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes |
| Explain proto-oncogenes | involved in normal cell growth and division. When they are altered, they become cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) |
| Explain tumor suppressor genes | control the cell growth and division. Cells with alterations in this gene have an uncontrolled division of cells. They help stop the spread of cancerous cells. |
| Explain characteristics of malignant cancer (tumor) cells | Cancerous cells that grow rapidly, not encapsulated with connective tissue, are invasive to other tissues, are poorly differentiated; wide range of cellular changes, have a high mitotic index and can spread distantly (metastasis), and disorganized |
| Explain characteristics of normal healthy cells | these cells are controlled in the number of growth and are not invasive to other tissues or organs, and they know when to stop dividing |
| What are the most common types of cancer? | Sarcoma, Leukemia, and Lymphoma |
| Describe Sarcomas | cancer that forms in the bone and soft tissue, this includes, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue; tendons and ligaments |
| Describe Leukemia | cancer that forms in the blood-forming tissue in the bone marrow, when abnormal WBC build up in the blood and bone marrow, leading to a disruption of the growth of normal blood cells |
| Describe Lymphoma | cancer that forms in the lymphocytes (T and B cells) |
| Describe Angiogenesis | the growth of new vessels aka neovascularization |
| What is tumor grade? | The description of a tumor is based on how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under the microscope. An indicator of how quickly the tumor grows and spreads |
| How are tumors classified? | By grade |
| What is a GX grade? | the grade of tumor that cannot be assessed |
| What is a G1 grade? | the grade of tumor that is well differentiated (low grade) |
| What is a G2 grade? | the grade of tumor that is moderately differentiated (intermediate grade) |
| What is a G3 grade? | the grade of tumor that is poorly differentiated (high grade) |
| What is a G4 grade? | the grade of tumor that is undifferentiated (high grade) |
| What is infarction? | Tissue death can come from the arteries not supplying enough blood to an organ. |
| What is cancer caused by? | Disruption of normal gene function |
| What is cachexia? | The most severe form of malnutrition is often seen in cancer patients. |
| Define Genetics | the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics |
| Define Genomics | the study of structure, function, and analysis of the human genome |
| Define Epigenetic | the external modification of DNA by the environment that affects gene expression |
| Define Epigenomics | the study of chemical components that instruct the genome where and when genes are expressed in the cell |
| What are proteins made up of? | Amino acid sequences |
| Where are proteins formed? | In the cytoplasm |
| What are the components of the genetic code of life? | DNA (transcription), RNA (translation), and protein synthesis |
| What type of chromosomes do females have ? | X (XX) |
| What type of chromosomes do males have? | X and Y (XY) |
| Describe the Barr Body | inactivated X chromosomes in each female somatic cell |
| What are alleles? | Alternative forms of an individual gene |
| What is the human genome project? | A project whose goal is to map, sequence, and identify all of the genes in the human genome. It allowed for a comparative study |
| How many chromosomes do we have? | 46 (23 pairs) |
| What are gonadal cells? | the egg and sperm cells. There are 23 total |
| Describe mitosis | the process of cell division that forms identical copies of a cell |
| Describe meiosis | the process of cell division that formals identical copies of gonadal cells |
| Describe orphan disease | aka rare disease that does not have enough patients to pursue the cost of effective treatment and research |
| Explain the orphan drug act of 1983: | a system of tax credits, government grants, and assistance for clinical research |
| What is a Mutation? | errors in a gene that vary in type and severity |
| Define point mutation | gene mutilation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| Describe nucleotide insertions and deletions | In a chain, if one is added or deleted, the rest will be messed up causing a shift in the reading frame; severity depends on the location of the mutation |
| What are chromosome disorders? | An Abnormality of the chromosome number structure (like down syndrome) |
| Explain autosomes | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (first 22 pairs); sex chromosomes make up the remaining pair |
| Define single gene disorders | genetic disorders that are caused by a single recessive gene or mutation (like sickle cell anemia) |
| What is a phenotype? | the outward appearance of an individual |
| What is a genotype? | the composition of genes at a given locus |
| Define homozygous | an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |
| Define heterozygous | an organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| What is a locus? | the location occupied by a gene on a chromosome |
| Explain Autosomal recessive inheritance | An inheritance pattern of a recessive allele on an autosome that can affect males and females and the person must be homozygous to express the disease |
| Explain Autosomal dominant inheritance | An inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome that can affect males and female and one copy of the gene has to be present for the disease expression |
| Explain X linked recessive inheritance | genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome |
| What are some examples of single gene disorders? | Autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, x linked recessive, and mitochondrial |
| What is a genetic carrier? | Heterozygous individuals in which a disease-causing allele remains hidden but can be passed down |
| What is the mode of inheritance? | The pattern in which a genetic disease is inherited through generations |
| What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation? | Alleles segregate from one another during the formation of gametes |
| What is a gamete? | A mature male or female reproductive cell unites with another cell to form a new organism |
| What is a pedigree? | A tool that is used to study certain genetic disorders within families aka a family tree of genetic patterns |
Created by:
keiondraharden
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