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Pharm and Tox-Alice

Pharm and Tox

QuestionAnswer
Drug definition A chemical substance of known structure which when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect
Sources of drugs plants, animals, microbes, minerals, synthetic chemicals, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy
Medicine definition A chemical preparation containing one or more active drugs and excipients and produces a therapeutic effect
Endogenous definition A substance which originates or is produced within an organism, tissue or cell e.g. hormones
Ligand definition Collective term for any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex
How are drugs classified by their therapeutic classification? By their physiologic effect/the way in which the body responds to a drug
How are drugs classified by their pharmacological classification? By their mechanism of action, meaning the specific biochemical reaction that occurs when you take a drug
What determines the best route of administration? By the physical nature of the drug
What protein molecules do drugs bind to in order to produce their effects? Transporters, receptors and enzymes
Pharmacodynamics definition The study of the actions of the drug on the body
Pharmacokinetics definition The study of the actions of the body on the drug
What is an agonist? A drug which activates the receptor and causes the receptor to produce a response
What is an antagonist? A drug which can bind to a receptor without causing any change or activation
What is the goal of drug therapy? To achieve desired beneficial effect with minimal side effects (adverse effects)
What does ADME stand for? Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What are the stages of drug development? Drug discovery, preclinical development, clinical development (phase 1-3) and Phase four
What are the three stages of drug discovery? Target selection, lead-finding and lead optimisation
What is the most common problem of lead optimisation? It proves to be impossible or drug candidate fails to produce the expected effects in animal models of the disease
What is the aim of preclinical development? To satisfy all requirements that have to be met before new compound is deemed ready to be tested for the first time in humans
Clinical trial definition? Defined as a study carried out to compare the clinical safety and efficacy of a new drug or procedure with that of a known drug or procedure (or a placebo)
Aims of phase 1 of the clinical trials Safety, tolerability and PK properties
Aims of phase 2 of clinical trials To extend phase 1 trials, test for efficacy, confirm effective dose and to determine stability of the drug
Aims of phase 3 of clinical trials Establish safety/efficacy and determine cost effectiveness
Aims of phase 4 of drug development To confirm efficacy data, investigate possible drug interactions and to monitor adverse drug reactions
Definition of adverse drug reactions Any noxious change which is suspected to be due to a drug which occurs at doses normally used in man and requires treatment, a decrease in dose or indicates caution in future use of the drug
What is pharmacovigilance? The pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects, particularly long term and short term side effects of medicines
Created by: tarajdaly16
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