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Egypt Key Vocab

TermDefinition
Cataract A rock formation that creates churning rapids
Delta An area where a river fans out into various branches as it flows into a body of water
Dynasty A series of rulers from the same family
Pharaoh An Egyptian king
Vizier A chief official in ancient Egypt who carried out much of the day-to-day work of governing
Lower Egypt Was the Nile delta region with its wide expanse of fertile land and access to the Mediterranean Sea
Memes The king of Upper Egypt who conquered Lower Egypt and became the ruler of all of Egypt around 3100 B.C.
Nile River The world's longest river, at around 4.132 miles in length. It flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea. It is central to the civilization of Egypt. Water was the Nile's greatest gift
Upper Egypt The long, narrow stretch of the Nile south of modern Cairo and hemmed in by dessert.
Hierarchy A system in which people belong to different social classes that have different ranks in society.
Mummy The preserved body of a pharaoh or other powerful person in ancient Egypt.
Pyramid A massive monumental tomb for a pharaoh.
Ahmose The king of Upper Egypt who rebelled against the Hyksos. He adopted the new, deadly weapons of the Hyksos (horse-drawn chariots, bows, curved swords, body armor) and threw the invaders out of Egypt.
Hyksos A group of foreigners who brought an end to the Middle Kingdom. Means "rulers of foreign lands." They controlled much of Egypt for more than 100 years.
Khufu He was believed to be a cruel tyrant who used brutal methods to build the "Great Pyramid." The pyramids were an impressive achievement, taking over 20 years to complete. The "Great Pyramid" was a powerful symbol.
Middle Kingdom Around 2040 B.C. a new ere of peace and prosperity was reunited under the king Mentuhotep II. The pharaohs restored the power of the centralized government. Farmers expanded agriculture into new regions, and the building of great monument.
Old Kingdom Was Egypt's first great period of unity and prosperity, lasting from around 2700 B.C. to 2200 B.C. During this period, Egypt prospered under effective pharaohs, a strong central government, and administration.
Re (Amon) The sun god, who created the world. Was the most important god to the Egyptians.
Barter To exchange goods.
Hatshepsut Egypt's female ruler. Trade excelled during her rule. Came to power around 1470 B.C. She ruled with her stepson, Thutmose III. She ruled for about 15 years, but mysteriously disappeared.
Kush Nubian kingdom. Invaded Egypt trying to take control of Thebes, Memphis, and Upper and Lower Egypt.
New Kingdom Lasted for about 500 years from 1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C. This period saw Egypt grow more powerful and build into a mighty empire. The army expanded, taxes and trade made Egypt rich.
Nubia Located near the first cataract of the Nile River. It was rich in gold, copper, and other resources. It provided a critical trade route for exotic goods from central Africa.
Ramses II Known as Ramses the Great. Ruled (reigned) for 66 years, was one of the longest in Egyptian history. Expanded Egypt's empire south into Nubia, west into Libya, and into the eastern Mediterranean. His massive tomb is a Thebes.
Hieroglyph A picture representing an object, sound, or idea that was part of the ancient Egyptian writing system.
Papyrus A paper like material made from reeds.
Scribe A professional writer who records official information.
Anubis Also called Anup, the ancient Egyptian god of the dead. Represented by a jackal or the figure of a man with the head of a jackal. God of mummification.
Horus Was the god of the sky and wisdom. He was probably most well known as the protector of the ruler of Egypt. He was usually depicted (pictured) as a falcon.
Isis Wife of Osiris: brought him back from the dead.
Osiris God of the afterlife. He was also known as the god of fertility and the embodiment of the dead and resurrected king.
Akhenaten Changed name from Amenhotep to honor sun disk god.
Cleopatra Last leader of Egypt, her death led to the end of the Egyptian Empire.
Tutankhamun The boy king, tomb discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter. Also known as King Tut.
Monotheism The belief that there is only one god
Mummification The process of preserving a dead body.
Polytheism The belief in many gods.
Rosetta Stone A stone slab, found in 1799 with inscriptions in different languages that led to the deciphering of hieroglyphics.
Sphinx Mythological figure with a lion's body and a human head. The Great Sphinx at Giza, near Cairo, is probably the most famous sculpture in the world.
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