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A&P - Chapter 1
The Human Body, An Orientation
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Anatomy (gross, macroscopic, microscopic, or developmental) | The study of the structures associated with the human body |
Physiology (requires physics and math) | The study of the function of each of the structures associated with the human body |
The three levels of gross anatomy | Regional, systematic, and surface |
Regional gross anatomy | The study of all structures in one region of the body, like the abdomen |
Systematic gross anatomy | The study of all structures in one system of the body, like the skeletal system |
Surface gross anatomy | The study of internal structures of the body as they relate to the overlaying skin |
The two types of microscopic anatomy | Cytology and histology |
Cytology | The study of cells |
Histology | The study of tissues (micro-anatomy) |
Developmental anatomy | Traces structural changes throughout life |
Embryology | The study of developmental changes of a body before birth |
Pathology | The study of the causes and effects of disease or injury |
Pharmacology | The study of how medicine affects biological systems |
Complementarity | Form/structure follows function |
The six levels of organization | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal |
Chemical | The building blocks of all cells |
Cellular | The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism |
Tissue | A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function |
Organ | An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types |
Organ System | An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body |
Organismal | Being composed of many organ systems that work together to perform the functions needed to live |
The eleven organ systems | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive |
Integumentary | Protection layer (hair, skin, nails) aka external |
Skeletal | Structure and support (bones) |
Muscular | Movement and heat (muscles connected to bones) |
Nervous | Fast-acting control system of the body (nerves and brain) |
Endocrine | Regulatory system (hormones and glands) |
Cardiovascular | Blood transport (heart and veins) |
Lymphatic | Immune system (picks up fluid and disposes of debris |
Respiratory | Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2 |
Digestive | Breaks down food for nutrients |
Urinary | Eliminates waste |
Reproductive | Production of offspring |
Necessary Life Functions | Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth |
Maintaining boundaries | The internal is distinct from the external (plasma membrane on the cellular level and skin on the organismal level) |
Movement | Locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis) and contractility |
Responsiveness | Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond |
Digestion | Breakdown of ingested food |
Metabolism | All the chemical reactions in the body |
Excretion | Removal of wastes from the body |
Reproduction | One cell produces two identical daughter cells (cellular), and sperm and egg unite to make a new person (organismal) |
Growth | Increase in size of a body part or of the organism |
Survival needs | Nutrients, oxygen, water, maintaining normal body temperature, and atmospheric pressure |
Nutrients | Chemical substances used for energy and cell building |
Oxygen | Needed for metabolic reactions |
Water | Provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions |
Maintaining normal body temperature | Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates |
Atmospheric pressure | Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
Homeostasis | Ability to maintain a relatively stable environment in a changing outside world (dynamic equilibrium) |
Receptor | Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli |
Control center | Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained |
Effector | Provides the means to respond to the stimulus |
Negative feedback | The output shuts off the original stimulus |
Blood glucose | Negative feedback |
Blood pressure | Negative feedback |
Blood sodium | Negative feedback |
Calcium | Negative feedback |
WBCs (white blood cells) | Negative feedback |
RBCs (red blood cells) | Negative feedback |
Positive feedback | The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus |
Blood clotting | Positive feedback |
Labor | Positive feedback |
Anatomical position | Body erect, feet slight apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body (relative starting point for naming everything in the body) |
Regional terms | Axial and appendicular |
Axial | Head, neck, and trunk |
Appendicular | Limbs and what links them to the axial skeleton |
Directional terms | Superior, inferior, cranial, caudal, anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, medial, lateral, intermediate, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep |
Superior/Cranial | Towards the head |
Inferior /Caudal | Away from the head |
Anterior/Ventral | Towards the front of the body |
Posterior/Dorsal | Towards the back of the body |
Medial | Towards the midline of the body |
Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
Intermediate | Between two structures |
Proximal | Towards the point of attachment to limb or structure (towards the origin) |
Distal | Away from point of attachment to limb or structure (away from the origin) |
Superficial | Towards the surface of the body |
Deep | Away from the outside of the body |
Body planes | Saggital, midsaggital, frontal, coronal, transverse, horizontal, and oblique |
Saggital | Divides the body into left and right halves |
Midsaggital | Divides the body into equal halves (medial or midline) |
Frontal/Coronal | Divides the body into front and back |
Transverse/Horizontal | Divides the body into upper and lower portions |
Oblique | Cuts at an angle |
Body cavities | Dorsal and ventral |