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CHM 106
Reactions Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thermodynamics | Understanding how heat and energy are exchanged |
| Kinetics | rate of the reaction |
| Exothermic | give off heat; exergonic |
| Endothermic | requires heat; feel cold; endergonic |
| Heat of reaction | difference between reactants and products; determines if endothermic or exothermic |
| Gibbs Free energy | amount of energy exchanged during a reaction |
| ΔG (free energy change) | difference between the free energy present in the product vs. Reactant |
| Spontaneous—exergonic; ΔG = - | reactants greater than products |
| Nonspontaneous—exergonic; ΔG = + | products greater than reactants; need to add energy |
| ATP transfers energy in the body | ADP to ATP to ADP |
| Spontaneity does not relate | speed of reaction |
| Activation energy | the energy needed to cause reactants to collide with enough energy to form product |
| Calorimeter | measures energy in food by burning it |
| 1 Cal = 1000 cal | 4.184 J = 1 cal |
| ΔH = Sp Heat x 1.0 cal/g°C | Mass x ΔT (T2-T1) |
| Rate of reaction | can be determined by the amount of product formed in a given time period |
| Different things affect reaction rate | temp.; amt. of reactants; and catalyst |
| Temperature | higher, more collisions of molecules, more product made |
| Amt. of reactants | more reactants then more collisions to make product |
| Catalyst | speeds up a reaction but is not used in reaction; enzymes; usually end with –ase |
| H2O2 catalase -> | 2H2O + O |
| Enzymes | have active site; immobilizes reactants; orients them correctly to speed up reaction |
| Decomposition | bonds broken to make product |
| Exchange reaction(displacement) | both synthesis and decomposition; bonds are broken and reformed; can be single or double |
| Reversible reaction | reactants and products formed in either direction |
| Chemical equilibrium | point at which both forward and reverse reaction occur at the same rate; not equal amts. of reactants and products |
| Irreversible reaction | requires too much NRG to reform reactants |
| Combustion | reacts with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide; alkanes undergo combustion |
| reaction mechanism | how the functional group changes as a reactant to form a product; need details; often it is the only reactant |
| Glycolysis | breakdown glucose |
| First step is to add a phosphate group Do this by using ATP; phosphate source | ATP becomes ADP Glucose becomes Glucose-6-phosphate |
| Inorganics- Oxidation | lose electrons |
| Inorganics- Reduction | gain electrons |
| Metal atoms lose e- and are nonmetals gain e- and are | oxidized; reduced |
| Organics Oxidized | gains O or loses H |
| Organics Reduced | gains H or loses O |
| Condensation | H2O molecule produced when two organic molecules joined together; aka dehydration |
| Hydrolysis | H2O is consumed as a reactant and reactant molecule splits into two smaller molecules |
| ATP hydrolysis | ATP is broken down to ADP molecule of water is used to cleave the phosphate bond ADP + Pi (HPO4-2) |
| ATP condensation | when ADP is converted back into ATP |
| Carboxylation | Addition of carboxyl group or carboxylic acid |
| Phosphorylation | ADDING PHOSPHATE ; CONDENSATION TYPE AIDED BY PHOSPHORYLASES |
| Dephosphorization | Removing phosphate; hydrolysis type aided by phosphates |
| Organic addition reaction to alkenes | Atom or group of atoms is added to a double bond; double bond broken to add the atom or group of atoms to the C chain |
| Markovnikov's Rule | OH will bind to the C with more C groups attached to it |
| Hydrogenation | Adding hydrogen |
| Hydration | Removing H2O |
| Hydration and Hydrogenation | uses a catalyst; Pt or Pd or Ni |
| Identify Ca + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2 | Single replacement reaction |
| Identify 4 Cr + 3 O2 → 2 Cr2O3 | Synthesis reaction |
| Identify 8 Cu + S8 → 8 CuS | Synthesis reaction |
| Identify 2 C6H14 + 19 O2 → 12 CO2 + 14 H2O | Combustion reaction |
| Identify 2 NaClO3 → 2 NaCl + 3 O2 | Decomposition reaction |
| Identify BaCO3 → BaO + CO2 | Decomposition reaction |
| Identify C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O | Combustion reaction |
| Identify P4 + 5 O2 → 2 P2O5 | Synthesis reaction |
| Identify 2 C2H2 + 5 O2 → 4 CO2 + 2 H2O | Combustion reaction |
| Identify 2 K + 2 H2O → 2 KOH + H2 | Single replacement reaction |
| Identify Cu(OH)2 + 2 HC2H3O2 → Cu(C2H3O2)2 + 2 H2O | Double replacement reaction |
| Identify H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 | Decomposition reaction (combustion) |
| Identify 2 AgNO3 + Ni → Ni(NO3)2 + 2 Ag | Single replacement reaction |
| Identify 3 AgNO3 + K3PO4 → Ag3PO4 + 3 KNO3 | Double replacement reaction |
| Identify Ca(C2H3O2)2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 NaC2H3O2 | Double replacement reaction |
| calcium hydroxide + phosphoric acid (H3PO4) → | calcium phosphate + water |
| ethane (C2H6) + oxygen → | carbon dioxide + water |
| sodium chlorate → | sodium chloride + oxygen |
| ethyne (C2H2) + oxygen → | carbon dioxide + water |
| potassium carbonate → | potassium oxide + carbon dioxide |
| calcium + oxygen → | calcium oxide |
| aluminum + bromine → | aluminum bromide |
| butane (C4H10) + oxygen → | carbon dioxide + water |
| Magnesium + Nitric acid (HNO3) → | magnesium nitrate + hydrogen |
| sulfuric acid (H2SO4) → | water + sulfur trioxide |
| silver nitrate + potassium phosphate → | silver phosphate + potassium nitrate |
| sodium + water → | sodium hydroxide + hydrogen |
| hydrogen + oxygen → | water |
| The 7 diatomic elements | are hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). We call them diatomic elements because the atoms appear in pairs. Have no fear of ice cold beer! |
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