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Micro Exam Ch5
Microbial Metabolism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism | Metabolism |
| The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones | Catabolism (degradative reactions) |
| What process provides energy and building blocks for anabolism? | Catabolism |
| Catabolism reactions are generally ______ reactions (reactions which use water and in which chemical bonds are broken), and they are ______ (produce more energy than they consume | Hydrolytic, exergonic |
| The building of a complex organic molecules from simpler ones | Anabolism |
| What provides the energy for anabolism? | ATP |
| Sequences of chemical reactions | Metabolic pathways |
| What are metabolic pathways are determined by? | Enzymes |
| What are enzymes encoded by? | Genes |
| What explains how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of those reactions? | Collision theory |
| What is something that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves? | Catalyst |
| Catalysts lower the ______ ______ for a reaction | Activation energy |
| As catalysts, each enzyme acts on a specific substance, called the enzyme's ______ | Substrate |
| The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface of the enzyme molecule, called the ____ ____ | Active site |
| What is the maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second? | Turnover number |
| What is the average turnover number per second? | 1 to 10,000 |
| Enzymes can catalyze reactions up to how many times faster than reactions without enzymes? | 10 billion times faster |
| What are some conditions that can affect an enzyme catalyst reaction rate? | Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors |
| Although some enzymes consist entirely of proteins, most consist of both a protein portion, called an ______, and a nonprotein component, called a ______. | Apoenzyme, cofactor |
| If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a _____ | Coenzyme |
| Together, the apoenzyme and cofactor form a ______, or whole, active enzyme | Holoenzyme |
| What are two of the most important coenzymes in cellular metabolism? | NAD+, NADP+ |
| What coenzyme is primarily involved in catabolic reactions? | NAD+ |
| What coenzyme is primarily involved in anabolic reactions? | NADP+ |
| What coenzymes contain derivatives of the B vitamin riboflavin and are also electron carriers? | FMN and FAD |
| What coenzyme contains derivatives of the B vitamin riboflavin and are also electron carriers? | Coenzyme A (CoA) |
| What is an enzyme's loss of its characteristic three-dimensional structure when it declines past its optimal temperature? | Denaturation |
| Under conditions of high substrate concentration, an enzyme is said to be in _______; that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules, and it's catalyzing a specific reaction at its maximum rate | Saturation |
| What fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site? | Competitive inhibitors |
| What do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme's active site; instead, they interact with another part of the enzyme? | Noncompetitive inhibitors |
| In this process, the inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme other than the substrate's binding site, called the ________ ____ | Allosteric inhibition, allosteric site |
| Substances such as cyanide and fluoride are sometimes called _____ ______ because they permanently inactive enzymes | Enzyme poisons |
| This control mechanism stops the cell from making more of a substance than it needs and thereby wasting chemical resources | Feedback inhibition or end-product inhibition |
| In some metabolic reactions, several steps are required for the synthesis of a particular chemical compound, called the ___-______ | end-product |
| This unique type of RNA functions as a catalyst, has active sites that bind to substrates, and is not used up in a chemical reaction | Ribozyme |
| The removal of electrons (e-) from an atom or molecule, a reaction that often produces energy | Oxidation |
| The gaining of electrons | Reduction |
| An oxidation reaction (loss of electrons) paired with a reduction reaction (gain of electrons) | Redox |
| Because most biological reactions involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are also called ______ | Dehydrogenation |
| The addition of an inorganic phosphate group to a chemical compound is called _____ | Phosphorylation |
| In what process is ATP usually generated when a high-energy phosphate group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound (a substrate) to ADP? | Substrate-level phosphorylation |
| What is the process in which electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of electron carriers (usually to NAD+ and FAD) | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| What is the sequence of electron carriers used in oxidative phosphorylation called? | Electron transport chain (system) |
| The transfer of electrons from one electron carrier to the next releases energy, some of which is used to generate ATP from ADP as well as NAD+ from NADH through a process called ______ | Chemiosmosis |
| What mechanism of phosphorylation occurs only in photosynthetic cells, which contain light-trapping pigments such as chlorophylls? | Photophosphorylation |
| What is the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy called? | Carbohydrate catabolism |
| What are the two process microorganisms use to produce energy from glucose? | Cellular respiration and fermentation |
| What is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid, and is usually the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism? | Glycolysis |
| What is defined as an ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is (almost always) an inorganic molecule? | Cellular respiration |
| In AEROBIC RESPIRATION, the final electron acceptor is ____ | O2 |
| What is the overall reaction for aerobic respiration in prokaryotes? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38Pi → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP |
| In ______ ______, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2 or, rarely, an organic molecule | Anaerobic respiration |
| What process is a series of biochemical reactions in which the large amount of potential chemical energy stored in acetyl CoA is released step by step | Krebs cycle |
| The process in the Krebs cycle where the pyruvic acid must lose one molecule of CO2 and become a two-carbon compound | Decarboxylation |
| What process releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules, does not require oxygen, does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC, and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor? | Fermentation |
| How much ATP on average does fermentation produce from 1 glucose? | 1 - 2 |
| In what process is a molecule of glucose oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid, and the two molecules of pyruvic acid are reduced by two molecules of NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid? | Lactic acid fermentation |
| What process begins with the glycolysis of a molecule of glucose to yield two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP for an end product of ethanol and CO2? | Alcohol fermentation |
| What is used to identify bacteria? | Biochemical tests |
| What biochemical test tests the ability of an organism to grow aerobically? | Citrate utilization test |
| The conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy (ATP) | Photosynthesis |
| What are the two processes in photosynthesis? | Light-dependent (light) reactions and light-independent (dark) reaction (Calvin-Benson cycle) |
| What is the synthesis of organic sugars by using carbon atoms from CO2 gas called? | Carbon fixation |
| In what stage of photosynthesis is light energy used to convert ADP and P to ATP? | Light-dependent reactions |
| In what stage of photosynthesis are electrons used along with energy from ATP to reduce CO2 to sugar? | Light-independent reactions |
| What is the photosynthesis equation? | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O _ 6 O2 |
| In _____ photophosphorylation, electrons released by chlorophyll by light in photosystem I return to chlorophyll after passage along the electron transport chain | Cyclic |
| In _____ photophosphorylation, electrons released from chlorophyll in photosystem II are replaced by electrons from the hydrogen atoms in water. (Both photosystems are required in the process) | Noncyclic |
| What organisms use light as their primary energy source? | Phototrophs |
| What organisms depend on oxidation-reduction reactions of inorganic or organic compounds for energy? | Chemotrophs |
| What organisms depend on carbon dioxide for their principal carbon source? | Autotrophs (self-feeders) |
| What organisms require an organic carbon source? | Heterotrophs (feeders on others) |
| What organisms use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon? | Photoautotrophs |
| Because photosynthesis produces O2, it is sometimes called ______ | Oxygenic |
| What organisms are photoautotrophs and oxygenic? | plants, algae, cyanobacteria |
| When organisms must have an anaerobic environment for photosynthesis, their photosynthetic process does not produce O2 and is called ______ | Anoxygenic |
| What are the anoxygenic photoautotrophs that use sulfur compounds or hydrogen gas (H2) to reduce carbon dioxide and form organic compounds? | Green and purple sulfur bacteria |
| What organisms use light as a source of energy but cannot convert carbon dioxide to sugar; rather, they use organic compounds, such as alcohols, fatty acids, other organic acids, and carbohydrates as sources of carbon? | Photoheterotrophs |
| What are two examples of photoheterotrophs? | Green nonsulfur and purple nonsulfur bacteria |
| What organisms use the electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy, and they use CO2 as their principal source of carbon? | Chemoautotrophs |
| What organisms specifically use the electrons from hydrogen atoms in organic compounds as their energy source? | Chemoheterotrophs |
| What heterotrophic organisms live on dead organic matter? | Saprophytes |
| What heterotrophic organisms derive nutrients from a living host? | Parasites |
| Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism are called what? | Amphibolic pathways |
Created by:
malele-sedlacek
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