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Cell Quiz #1
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Term | Definition |
---|---|
Three postulates of the cell theory? | - All living organisms consist of cells. - Cells are created through other pre-existing cells, not through matter that is abiotic - Cells are the basic structures of life, smallest living unit in all organisms |
Two major types of cells? | Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes |
why do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? | Do not have a nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles |
what are some examples of archaea? | methanogens, thermophiles (micro-orgs. that can survive extreme conditions) |
single-celled organism, found in which kingdom? | protists (algae, amoeba, etc.) |
multicellular, found which three kingdoms? | plants, animals, fungi |
What is an organelle? | perform specific functions in the cell |
Which structures are unique to plant cells? | cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole |
What is the Cytoplasm; what is its function? | - all organelles are suspended here - mostly water, consists of other substances as well - executes chemical reactions (changes form or organelles to jelly-like substances --> liquid substances, allows organelles to move around) |
What is the Plasma/Cell Membrane; what is its function? | - semi-permeable - surrounds most organelles - supports the cell - allows some substances to enter, others are kept out |
What is the Nucleus; what is its function? | - genetic info is stored in chromosomes, nucleus - contain DNA (deoxynucleic acid) - controls cell activity - carries conded instructions for cell activity |
What is the Nucleolus; what is its function? | - where ribosomes are produced - alters transferred RNA (ribonucleic acid) - senses cellular stress - is comprised of RNA and proteins |
What are Ribosomes; what are their functions? | - not membrane-bound - found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes - attaches to other organelles - makes proteins |
What is the MItochondrion; what is its function? | - "powerhouse of the cell" - active cells have more mitochondria - performs cellular respiration (act of intaking glucose + sugar --> ATP, carbon dioxide, water - contains enzymes that convert stored energy into usable energy |
What is the ER; what is its function? | - network of branching tubes + pockets - extends through cytoplasm, continues from nucleus to cell membrane - transports materials - involved with muscle contraction ROUGH ER: produces proteins, then sent away in vesicles SMOOTH ER: detoxifies |
What are the Golgi bodies; what are their functions? | - cells that secrete a lot of mucus have many Golgi bodies - collect and process materials to be removed from cell - make + secrete mucus |
What are Lysosomes; what are their function? | - contain enzymes that break down proteins and fats - animal-only - destroys dead cells * break down cellular waste with enzymes |
What is the Cell Wall; what is its function? | - outside cell membrane - layer of additional protection - maintains shape, rigid, porous - may hold structure after the plant has died |
What is the Large Vacuole; what is its function? | - central vacuole - turgor pressure --> keeps plant leaves and stems firm - if water level drops, cell becomes soft --> plant becomes limp and droopy |
What is a Chloroplast; what is its function? | - used in photosynthesis process - allows plants to obtain energy from sun - rely on mitochondria to metabolize glucose - form light energy through photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water + energy --> glucose + oxygen - chlorophyll gives green hue |
What is a Centriole; what is its function? | - organizes movement of chromosomes during cell division |
Which molecules can go through the cell membrane, with no energy required? | oxygen, hydrogen |
How do large molecules + ions get through the cell membrane | special transport proteins |
What is a Plastid; what is its function? (plant) | Stores food/pigments |
What is a Capsule? (bacteria) | the outermost layer of the cell, provides protection |
What is a Nucleoid? (bacteria) | contains genetic information, not protected by nuclear membrane |
What is a Plasmid? (bacteria) | circular piece of genetic material |
What is a Flagellum? (bacteria) | hair-like, used for movement |
What is a Pilus? (bacteria) | hair-like, attaches cell to other surfaces, transfers genetic materials on intracellular basis |