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Science Energy Quiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Compression | Part of a sound wave where particles are forced close together. |
| Rarefaction | Part of a sound wave where particles are forced apart |
| Longitudinal Wave | A type of sound wave where particles move in the direction of travel of the wave. |
| Amplitude | The distance a particle moves from its position of rest. (How far up and down from the centre of the wave), |
| Wavelength | The distance between two crests or troughs of a wave. |
| Frequency | The number of waves that pass a point every second; measured in hertz |
| Hertz | Hertz is a unit of frequency of one cycle per second. |
| What is the Motion of Particles in a longitudinal wave? | They move in the direction of the wave, parallel to the wave. |
| How does wavelength, change the frequency | The shorter the wavelenght the higher the frequency. As more peaks pass through per second. |
| What is pitch caused by? | Pitch is determined by the frequency of the soundwave. The higher the frequency the higher the pitch and vice versa. |
| Can Sound Travel Through Space? | Sound is caused by vibrating particles. However, space is a vacuum which means that there is an absence of particles to vibrate. Meaning that there is no sound. |
| Relate the transmission of sound to the density of particles of the medium through which it travels. | The speed of sound is affected by the closeness of the particles in a material, and how far they can move. This means in solids, due to closer/denser particles, sound is transmitted better/faster. |
| Transverse Waves | A wave where the particles move up and down/at 90° to the direction of the wave Examples: water waves, light, heat (IR radiation) |
| Radiation | The transfer of thermal energy (via photons) across empty space or through another substance |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | The range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends. |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum from shortest to longest wavelength. | Gamma, X-Rays, Ultraviolet, Visible Light, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio Waves |
| Transparent | A substance that allows all light to pass through |
| Translucent | A substance that allows light through, but it diffuses so that objects cannot be seen clearly |
| Opaque | A substance that does not allow light to pass through |
| Reflection | the throwing back by a substance, of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it. |
| Image | likeness of an object that is produced as a result of light reflection or refraction |
| Mirror | A surface able to reflect a clear image of light |
| Normal | An imaginary line that is drawn at right angles to a surface of reflective or refractive material. |
| Angle of Incidence | The angle between the incident ray and the normal. |
| Angle of Reflection | The angle between the reflected ray and the normal. |
| Virtual Image | An upright image that is achieved where the rays seem to diverge. It is found by tracing real rays that emerge from an optical device backwards to perceived or apparent origins of ray divergences. Cannot be projected onto a screen. |
| Convex | a lens or mirror in which the centre is thicker than the two ends |
| Concave | a lens or mirror in which the centre is thinner than the two ends |
| Incident Ray | The ray of light that strikes the surface. |
| Reflected Ray | The ray of light that is reflected from the surface. |
| Relationship between angle of incidence and reflection | In a plane mirror, the angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence. |
| Refraction | The bending of light as a result of light speeding up or slowing down |
| medium | Substance or material through which light can move |
| refractive index, | A measure of the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. How much a medium bends light. |
| refracted ray | A ray of light that has bent as a result of light speeding up or slowing down |
| angle of refraction | The angle between the refracted ray and the normal. |
| lens | A curved piece of transparent material |
| converge | When rays of light move towards a single point |
| focus | The point where rays of light cross |
| focal length | The distance between the centre of the lens and the focus |
| diverge | When rays of light move away from each other |
| virtual focus | The point at which a virtual image appears. Usually behind the mirror. |
| What happens when light enters denser medium | Light refracts towards the normal. |
| What happens when light exits denser medium | Light refracts away from the normal |
| Relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction | The higher the angle of incidence the higher the angle of refraction. |
| Relationship between angle of refraction and the speed of light | The higher the angle of refraction, the slower the speed of light. |
| Relationship between speed of light and density of medium | The denser the medium, the slower the speed of light |
| Relationship between the density of medium and angle of refraction. | The denser the medium, the higher change in angle of refraction than angle of incidence. |
| Refraction of light through convex lenses | When light passes through a convex lens it converges to a point behind the lens. If the image is before the focal point it is a virtual image, but if it is at, or after the focal point it is a real image. |
| Refraction of light through concave lenses | Light diverges and creates a virtual image in front of the lens. |
| visible spectrum | the variety of colours or wavelengths of light that can be seen by the human eye |
| dispersion | The separation of white light into its different colours |
| primary colours of light | Red, Blue, Green. All other colours can be made from these 3 |
| secondary colours of light | When two primary colours are mixed; Red Blue = Magenta, Red Green = Yellow, and Green and Blue make cyan |
| filter | Transmits the colours that make up the filter and stop the colours that don't. E.g. a yellow filter transmits green and red and yellow but not any other colour. |
| transmit | Allow (heat, light, sound, electricity, or other energy) to pass through a medium. |
| Why do we see colour on opaque objects | When white light falls on an opaque some wavelengths (colours) are absorbed. Some are also reflected. The reflected colours is what we see. |
| thermal energy | the total kinetic energy of particles that increases as their temperature increases, and the amount of particles increases. |
| heat | The transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or object |
| temperature | A measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance. Measured in degrees Celsius, Kelvin or Fahrenheit. |
| temperature gradient | The difference in temperatures between two systems |
| thermal equilibrium | When two systems are at the same temperature; no heat moves from one system to another |
| insulator | A substance that prevents the movement of thermal or electrical energy |
| Relate the thermal energy of a substance to the movement of its particles. | The faster the particles in an object move/vibrate, the more thermal energy an object contains |
| Explain how thermal equilibrium is reached. | When the temperature gradient between two systems reaches 0. When they have the same temperature. |
| Describe the process of insulation. | A substance is prevented from transferring its heat energy to other substances |
| conduction | Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy (kinetic energy of particles) through direct contact; the atoms do not change their position in the material |
| convection | Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of molecules in air or liquid from one place to another |
| convection currents | Convection current is the current or flow of air or liquid that results from the transfer of thermal energy through convection |
| difference between conductors and insulators. | Conductors are objects that are good at transferring thermal energy, such as metals, diamonds, while insulators are objects that are poor at transferring energy such as plastics and wood. |
| Relate conduction to changes in particle energy and motion. | Conduction is when 1 object has faster vibrating particles than another object it is in contact with. The fast particles collide with the slower ones, speeding them up and causing a chain reaction. Thus thermal equilibrium is reached. |
| Relate convection to changes in particle energy and motion. | With convection, faster moving particles move into areas with slower moving particles. Causing slower moving particles to move into areas with more faster moving particles. The collisions and movement increase the kinetic energy of the cooler substance. |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | electromagnetic radiation are a form of energy, including visible light, infrared radiation (radiant thermal energy), X-rays and gamma rays. |
| differences between conduction, convection, and radiation of thermal energy. | In conduction, heat transfer occurs between objects by direct contact. In convection, the heat transfer takes within the fluid. In radiation, heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves without involving particles. |
| how thermal energy is transmitted by radiation | Thermal radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by waves that can travel through air or even through empty space. |
| Describe endothermic reactions in terms of energy released or absorbed and change in overall temperature | Energy is absorbed from surroundings is needed to form bonds, decreasing the surrounding temperature. |
| Describe exothermic reactions in terms of energy released or absorbed and change in overall temperature | Energy is released from broken bonds, increasing the surrounding temperature |
| Endothermic | Is a chemical reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat. |
| Exothermic | A chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat or light |
| Examples of endothermic reactions | Photosynthesis, ice melting, cake baking, evaporation |
| Examples of exothermic reactions | Ice forming, cellular respiration and a lit candle, condensation |
| Chemical Bond | A bond that forms between the atoms in a molecule. |
| Explain that energy is stored in chemical bonds and can be released when bonds break. | Unbonded particles have more energy than bonded ones. This means that exothermic reactions release their energy stored in bonds and form new ones with less energy. |
| Oxidation | When something reacts with oxygen. |
| Combustion | A chemical reaction in which a fuel reacts with oxygen to produce a large amount of heat very quickly |
| Relate Oxidation, Combustion, and Exothermic reactions. | Combustion is a form of an oxidation reaction. Combustion reactions are exothermic, and oxidation can be either exothermic or endothermic. |
| Complete Combustion | When there is enough oxygen to complete the reaction: hydrocarbon + excess oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water |
| Incomplete combustion | When there is not enough oxygen to complete the reaction: hydrocarbon + limited oxygen --> carbon monoxide + water |
| Balancing order in combustion | 1. Carbon 2. Balance Hydrogen 3. Balance Oxygen |
Created by:
Jacka101
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