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155 exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| immunity | protection from illness or disease that is maintained by the body's physiologic defense mechanisms |
| working together | Complete protection requires the interaction of immunity and inflammation _______ ________. |
| inflammation | syndrome of normal tissue responses to cellular injury, allergy, or invasion by pathogens |
| immunocompetent | when all the different parts and functions of immunity are working well and has maximum protection against infection |
| self-tolerance | the special ability to distinguish between the body's own healthy self cells and non-self proteins and cells |
| human leukocyte antigens | unique surface proteins that are present on all of a person's cells that are specific to that person; also known as a person's "issue type" |
| antigens | proteins capable of triggering an immunity response |
| bone marrow | The ____ _____ is the source of all blood cells and many immune system cells. |
| full immunocompetence | ____ _________ requires the function and interaction of (1) inflammation, (2) antibody-mediated immunity, and (3) cell-mediated immunity. |
| NAMED | Factors that influence our immune function include: |
| immediate | Protection by inflammation is ________ but short-term and does not provide true immunity on repeated exposure to the same organisms. |
| nonspecific | Inflammation is a _______ body defense to invasion or injury and can be started quickly by almost any event. |
| infection | the invasion of pathogens into the body that multiply and cause disease or illness |
| neutrophils, macrophages | destroy and eliminate foreign invaders (2) |
| basophils, eosinophils, mast cells | release chemicals that act on blood vessels to cause tissue-level responses that help neutrophil and macrophage action (3) |
| neutrophils | 50-70% of WBC count |
| segs | mature neutrophils |
| bands | immature neutrophils |
| neutrophil function | provides protection after invaders, especially bacteria, enter the body |
| 1 | How many episodes of phagocytosis can neutrophils take part in? |
| mature | What is the only stage at which neutrophils are capable of phagocytosis? |
| shift to the left | a condition in which the most prevalent type of neutrophil in circulation is the less mature "band" neutrophil instead of mature ones |
| tissues | Most monocytes move from the blood into body _____, where they mature into macrophages. |
| macrophage function | helps stimulate immediate responses of inflammation and also stimulates the longer-lasting immune responses of antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity |
| many | Each macrophage cell can take part in ____ episodes of phagocytosis |
| monocytes | 4-6% of WBC count |
| basophils | <1% of WBC count |
| basophil function | acts of blood vessels with basophil chemicals, which include heparin, histamine, serotonin, kinins, and leukotrienes |
| eosinophils | 1-3% of WBC count |
| eosinophil function | works in the later reactions of inflammation to prolong the response |
| allergic | The number of circulating eosinophils increases during an _______ response |
| 5 | How many cardinal signs of inflammation are there? |
| warmth, redness, swelling, pain, decreased function | What are the five cardinals signs of inflammation? |
| Stage I | Which stage of inflammation is a vascular response that starts changes in blood vessels? Blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, and edema forms. |
| Stage III | Which stage of inflammation is the cellular exudate part of the response? |
| Stage IV | Which stage of inflammation features tissue repair and replacement? |
| Stage II | Which stage of inflammation is a cellular response, macrophages being the primary cell? |
| antibody-mediated immunity | type of adaptive immunity that uses antigen-antibody interactions to neutralize, eliminate, and destroy foreign proteins |
| antibodies | proteins known as immunoglobulins produced by sensitized B-lymphocytes that bind to specific antigens |
| entire | For optimal AMI, the _____ immune system must function adequately |
| one | Each B-cell can be sensitized to only ____ type of antigen. |
| plasma cell | a sensitized B-lymphocyte that immediately starts to produce antibodies against the sensitizing antigen |
| memory cell | a sensitized B-lymphocyte that produces specific antibodies on all subsequent exposures to the initial sensitizing antigen |
| IgG | the most common antibody and is produced on second exposure to an antigen |
| IgE | antibody responsible for immediate allergic reaction |
| natural active immunity | occurs when an antigen enters your body naturally without human assistance and your body responds by actively making antibodies against that antigen; longest lasting and most effective type of adaptive immunity |
| artificial active immunity | protection developed by vaccination or immunization; used to prevent serious and potentially deadly illnesses |
| artificial passive immunity | most commonly used to prevent disease or death in a patient exposed to rabies, tetanus, poisonous snake bites, or any other serious infectious diseases |
| natural passive immunity | occurs when antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant through colostrum and breast milk |
| cell-mediated immunity | type of adaptive immunity that is provided by T-lymphocytes |
| helper T-cells | responsible for enhancing all aspects of immunity, easily recognizes self cells vs non-self cells; also called CD4 cells |
| suppressor T-cells | secrete cytokines which inhibit cells of the immune system, help to prevent hypersensitivity to an antigen, prevents antibodies against normal cells; also called CD8 cells |
| natural killer cells | conduct "seek and destroy" missions in the body to eliminate non-self cells; most effective in destroying unhealthy or abnormal self cells |
| retrovirus | viruses that use RNA as genetic material and insert it into a human cell's DNA with an enzyme to exert control over the human cell's actions |
| HIV | Everyone who has AIDS has an ____ infection. |
| AIDS | Not everyone who has an HIV infection has _____. |
| CD4 | HIV affects which cell involved in immunity? |
| 800-1000 | normal CD4 count |
| CD4 count below 200, presence of opportunistic infection | Threshold for AIDS classification |
| pathogenic organism | pathogen that can affect any person |
| opportunistic infection | can only occur in patients who are immunosuppressed |
| revert | cannot _____ back after being diagnosed with AIDS, even if levels improve |
| blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, amniotic fluid, CSF | Where can the HIV virus be found? |
| sweat & tears | No documented cases of contraction through _______. |
| feces & urine | Only way to contract HIV through _______ is if there is visible blood. |
| sexual | ______ transmission: genital, anal, or oral sexual contact with exposure of mucous membranes to infected semen or vaginal secretions |
| parenteral | ______ transmission: sharing of needles or equipment contaminated with infected blood or receiving contaminated blood products |
| perinatal | ______ transmission: from the placenta, from contact with maternal blood and body fluids during birth, or from breast milk from an infected mother to child |
| casual | HIV cannot be transmitted through _____ contact. |
| Western blot, ELISA | Confirmatory tests for HIV |
| pneumocystic jiroveci pneumonia | type of pneumonia that occurs in immunosuppressed patients; most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients; treated with sulfa antibiotic (Bactram) |
| Increase fluids | Most important consideration when taking Bactram/sulfa antibiotics |
| hypotension, hypoglycemia | side effects of pentamidine |
| Cryptosporidiosis | severe, watery diarrhea, can lose 15-20 L of fluid a day; treated with Flagil |
| No alcohol | Most important consideration when taking Flagil |
| Candida albicans | yeast infection as a result of decreased normal flora; treated with Diflucan or amphotericin B depending on severity |
| Cryptococcosis | debilitating meningitis infection; nuchal rigidity, headache, vision issues, photophobia, phonophobia |
| nuchal rigidity | patient cannot place chin on chest |
| Kaposi sarcoma | type of cancer that develops in AIDS patients; small, purplish, raised lesions on skin and mucous membranes that are not painful or itchy |
| AIDS-dementia complex | problems of the central nervous system; 70% of AIDS; cognitive, motor, behavioral |
| wasting syndrome | patient wastes away (cachectic); patient appears emaciated; diarrhea, malabsorption, anorexia, or lesions |
| HART therapy | highly antiretroviral therapy; combination of drugs that work in different levels of replication |
| timely | HIV medications have to be taken in a ______ manner. |
| viral load | The higher the _______, the greater the risk for transmission. |
| infection | Priority problem: potential for ______ due to reduced immunity |
| gas exchange | Priority problem: inadequate _________ due to anemia, respiratory infection |
| pain | Priority problem: ____ due to neuropathy, myelopathy, cancer |
| nutrition | Priority problem: inadequate ______ due to increased metabolic need, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty chewing, anorexia |
| diarrhea | Priority problem: ______ due to infection, food intolerance, or drugs |
| tissue integrity | Priority problem: potential for reduced ___________ due to KS, infection, reduced nutrition, incontinence, immobility |
| missed | The most important factor leading to development of drug resistance is _______ drug doses. |
| hypersensitivity | overactive immunity with excessive inflammation occurring in response to the presence of an antigen to which the patient usually has been previously exposed |
| Type I | rapid hypersensitivity, most common type; inhaled, ingested, injected, direct contact; allergic asthma, hay fever, anaphylaxis, angioedema |
| allergen | an antigen that triggers excessive inflammation or immunity overreactions only in susceptible individuals |
| Type II | cytotoxic, the body makes autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some form of foreign protein attached to them; autoimmune hemolytic anemia, goodpasture syndrome, myasthenia gravis, blood transfusions |
| Type III | immune complex-mediated, excess antigens causing immune complexes to form in the blood -> lodge in small blood vessels, trigger inflammation/vessel damage; serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis |
| Type IV | delayed hypersensitivity, have T-lymphocytes as the activated immune system component triggering the excessive responses; poison ivy, graft rejection, positive TB skin tests, sarcoidosis |
| angioedema | severe type I hypersensitivity reaction that involves the blood vessels and all layers of the skin, mucous membranes, and subcutaneous tissues in the affected area; most often seen in the lips, face, tongue, larynx, and neck |
| anaphylaxis | type I hypersensitivity reaction; body has widespread vasodilation -> lowers BP -> decreases cardiac output -> bronchoconstriction, reduces blood flow to kidneys & brain |
| Epinephrine | __________ is the first-line drug for anaphylaxis. |
| autoimmunity | a process whereby an inappropriate immunity develops to an adult's own tissues; the immune system loses some ability to tolerate self cells and tissues |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | chronic and progressive autoimmune disorder in which inflammatory and immune attacks occur against multiple self tissues and organs |
| women | What group of people do autoimmune disorders more commonly occur in? |
Created by:
mpvought
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