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Chemistry Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Saturated molecule | has only single bonds between the elements |
| unsaturated molecule | contains double and triple bonds |
| pi bond | a bond that occurs when 2 p orbitals overlap sideways; they form before hybridization |
| sigma bond | a bond that occurs when 2 orbitals form a bond that lies directly on an axis; all single bonds are this type |
| isomers | substances that have the same molecular formula as each other but differ in structure |
| unshared electrons | has the greatest repulsion strength |
| 8 electrons | the amount of valence electrons a stable atom has |
| van der Waals forces | the forces between separate molecules that attract them to one another; 3 types: dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and london dispersion |
| dipole | when one part of the molecule has a partial positive charge and the other part has a partial negative charge |
| induced dipole | a nonpolar molecule that is transformed into a dipole |
| chromatography | a type of fractionation based on differing polarities of each part of the whole |
| mobile phase | consists of the parts to be separated dissolved in a liquid or gas |
| stationary phase | consists of a solid that acts as a matrix for the mobile phase to separate out |
| dipole-dipole force | when the oppositely charged ends of 2 polar molecules are attracted to one another |
| dipole-induced dipole force | the attraction between a polar molecule and a nonpolar molecule |
| London dispersion force | a force of attraction between 2 nonpolar molecules |
| melting | a change from solid to liquid |
| freezing | a change from liquid to solid |
| boiling | a change from liquid to gas |
| condensation | a change from gas to liquid |
| vapor | gases that are solids or liquids at room temperature |
| gases | are in the gaseous state at room temperature |
| sublimation | when a substance goes straight from the solid state to a gas |
| triple point | the conditions when all 3 common states of matter can exist at once |
| critical temperature | the maximum temperature at which a liquid can exist |
| critical pressure | the pressure needed to liquify a gas at its critical temperature |
| potential energy | the type of energy that changes during a phase change |
| STP | 101.3kPa and 0.0 degrees Celsius |
| enthalpy of fusion | the amount of energy that must be added to melt one gram of a substance that is at its melting point, or the amount removed to freeze 1g at the freezing point |
| enthalpy of vaporization | the amount of energy that must be added to vaporize one gram of a specific substance at its boiling point or condense one gram of a substance at its condensation point |
| Boyles law | P1V1=P2V2 |
| Charles Law | V1/T1=V2/T2 |
| Combine Gas Law | P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 |
| Ideal Gas Law | PV=nRT |
| vapor pressure | the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid |
| avogadro's constant | 6.02 × 10²³ |
| 22.4dm^3 | volume of 1 mole of gas at STP |
| number of particles | what n stands for in the ideal gas equation |
| excess reactant | the substance that is not completely used up in a chemical reaction |
| limiting reactant | the reactant is completely consumed in a chemical reaction |
| solute | substance that gets dissolved in a solution; the smaller amount |
| solvent | the substance that does the dissolving in a solution; the greater amount |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances |
| water | the universal solvent |
| molarity | the amount of solute (in moles) that is dissolved in a volume of solution |
| molality | the amount of solute (in moles) per kilogram of solvent |
| saturated solution | an undissolved substance is in equilibrium with the dissolved substance |
| unsaturated solution | the solution holds less than the amount of solute that a saturated solution can hold at a given temperature |
| super saturated solution | a solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution can hold at a given temperature |
| colligative properties | properties of substances when the solute and solvent are combined |
| freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure | 4 colligative properties |
Created by:
cowlover605
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