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Human Anatomy
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structure that can be observed with the naked eye is called | gross anatomy |
| The word prefix homeo- means | human |
| The simplest structures considered to be alive are | cells |
| Which of the following embodies the greatest amount of scientific information? | a theory |
| An informed, uncertain, but testable conjecture is a | hypothesis |
| A self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called | positive feedback |
| means studying anatomy by touch. | Palpation |
| The prefix hetero- means | different |
| Cutting and separating tissues to reveal structural relationships is called | dissection |
| A difference in chemical concentration between one point and another is called a ______________ ______________ | concentration gradient |
| a medical researcher predicts what the result of a certain experiment will be if his or her hypothesis is correct | deduction |
| Physiological effects of a person’s mental state are called | psychosomatic |
| The tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions is called | homeostasis |
| Blood pH averages 7.4 but fluctuates from 7.35 to 7.45. A pH of 7.4 can therefore be considered the ____________ ____________ | set point |
| Self-corrective mechanisms in physiology are called | negative feedback |
| A/an _________is the simplest body structure to be composed of two or more types of tissue. | organ |
| Depth perception, or the ability to form three-dimensional images, is also called _________vision. | stereoscopic |
| Our hands are said to be ____________ because they can encircle an object such as a branch or tool. The presence of an ___________thumb is important to this ability. | prehensile, opposable |
| auscult- | listen—auscultation |
| Dis- | apart—dissection |
| homeo- | the same- homeostasis |
| Metabolo- | change—metabolism |
| Palp- | touch—palpation |
| Physio- | nature—physiology |
| -sect cut— | dissection |
| -stasis | to stay—homeostasis |
| Stereo- | solid—stereoscopic |
| Tomo- | to cut—tomography |
| The technique for taking a patient’s pulse at the wrist is _________. Inspecting the body by touch. | palpation |
| means listening to body sounds | Auscultation |
| True or false For a pregnant woman to have an MRI scan would expose her fetus to radiation that can potentially cause mutation and birth defects. | False MRI does not involve ionizing radiation and has no known risk to a fetus. |
| We usually depend on ____________ _____________to restore homeostatic balance and have a beneficial effect on the body. | negative feedback |
| _____________ _______________is beneficial in limited cases, but more often it causes rapid departure from the homeostatic set point and may cause illness or death. | Positive feedback |
| There are far more _________ than cells in the body. | organelles |
| Matter will move spontaneously______ a gradient without the need for application of external energy. | down |
| A scientific __________ is founded on a large body of evidence and summarizes what is already known. | theory |
| Levels of human structural complexity from atom to organism | Atom, Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| The meaning of metabolism | sum total of all life processes |
| Without the use of energy, matter and energy tend to flow________ ______. | down gradients |
| Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell? | Plasma membrane |
| Which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action? | Integrating center |
| Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what? | Stimuli |
| Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction. Name two common instances | contractions at childbirth platelet build-up during blood clotting |
| A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological________________ | Gradient |
| An international body of anatomists convened in 1998 to standardize anatomical terminology. The result was a book known as the ______, which accepts both Latin and common English equivalents. | Terminologia Anatomica |
| Which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together? | Molecule |
| A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n) | effector |
| What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called? | Excitability |
| What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called? | Receptor |
| What is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called? | Organ |
| An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) | Tissue |
| Which of the following describes a single complete individual? | Organism |
| To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what? | Independently verified |
| What is the ability to walk upright on two feet called? | Bipedalism |
| Who is known as the father of the theory of natural selection? | Charles Darwin |
| Study of individual cells | cytology |
| Study of normal tissues | histology |
| Study of the nervous system | Neurology |
| Study of hormones | Endocrinology |
| Study of disease mechanisms | Pathophysiology |
| Study of biological processes in different animal species | Comparative physiology |
| Code of Ethics for physicians | Hippocratic Oath |
| Criteria for a good hypothesis | It is testable and falsifiable consistent with what is already known |
| The __________ _____________is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. | scientific method |
| the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid, air, or scar tissue | percussion |
| Anatomy is the study of | structure |
| physiology is the study of | function |
| methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery | medical imaging techniques |
| The branch of medicine concerned with imaging is called | radiology |
| The “father of medicine,” however, is usually considered to be the Greek physician | Hippocrates |
| (384–322 bce) was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology. Tried to identify unifying themes in nature he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components | Aristotle |
| wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases. | Maimonides |
| Avicenna’s textbook, The Canon of Medicine | was the leading authority in European medical schools for over 500 years |
| Italy, published accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy. Known for teaching of gross anatomy | Andreas Vesalius |
| (1578–1657) was to physiology and is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation | William Harvey |
| who extended the vision of biologists to the cellular level. designed scientific instruments of various kinds, including the simple and compound microscope. | Robert Hooke and Antony van Leeuwenhoek |
| credited with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new in nature or inventing any techniques—for neither man was a scientist—but by inventing new habits of scientific thought. | Francis Bacon (1561–1626) in England and René Descartes |
| A _____________ is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses. | theory |
| A __________ of _________ is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations. | law of nature |
| A ________ _________ is information that can be independently verified by any trained person | scientific fact |
| ________________simply means change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms. | Evolution |
| __________ __________that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others are called selection pressures. | Natural forces |
| ___________are features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to these selection pressures and enable an organism to cope with the challenges of its environment. | Adaptations |
| science of __________________medicine analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live | evolutionary |
| The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components is called __________________ . | reductionism |
| __________is the complementary theory that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts—human beings are more than the sum of their parts. | Holism |
| Why should medical students observe multiple cadavers and not be satisfied to dissect only one? | no two humans are exactly alike |
| Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy. ________________ is the sum of all this internal chemical change. | Metabolism |
| The ability to sense and react to stimuli (changes in the environment) is called _______________or excitability. | responsiveness |
| All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve. | Evolution |
| produce copies of themselves, thus passing their genes on to new, younger containers—their offspring | Reproduction |
| _________is any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. two major processes: (1) differentiation (2) growth | Development |
| This ability to maintain internal stability —for example, a stable temperature, blood pressure, and body weight. | Homeostasis |
| Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells. | Cellular composition |
| Organisms expend a great deal of energy to maintain order, and a breakdown in this order is accompanied by disease and often death. | Organization |
| Most medical terminology has a comes from ___________ or __________. | Latin or Greek |
| _______ and ________criteria of life differ from these biological criteria. | Clinical and legal |
| Form and function complement each other; physiology cannot be divorced from anatomy. | Unity of form and function |
| All structure and function result from the activity of cells. | Cell theory |
| The human body is a product of evolution. | Evolution |
| Human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity. | Hierarchy of complexity |
| The purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable conditions within the body. | Homeostasis |
| Matter and energy tend to flow down gradients such as differences in chemical concentration, pressure, temperature, and electrical charge. | Gradients and flow |
| membrane and containing internal organs called | viscera |
| the inner layer, against the organ, is called the | visceral layer |
| the more superficial or outer one, the | parietal layer |
| Pelvic cavity | Peritoneum |
| Thoracic cavity Heart | Pericardium |
| Thoracic cavity Lungs | Pleurae |
| Vertebral canal Spinal Cord | Meninges |
| Abdominal cavity Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys | Peritoneum |
| Cranial cavity Brain | Meninges |
| Greek and Roman scholars who first gave medicine a scientific basis | |
| The essential qualities of the scientific method | |
| The historical origin of the theory of natural selection and how this theory is relevant to a complete understanding of human anatomy and physiology | |
| The nature of the inductive and hypothetico–deductive methods, how they differ, and which areas of biomedical science most heavily employ each method | |
| The meaning of evolutionary medicine The meanings of evolution, natural selection, selection pressure, and adaptation, with examples of each |
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mosciencehelp
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