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A & P MOD 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infection | an invasion of a body by organisms and the reaction of the body to the presence of those organisms and to the toxins that they produce; the presence and multiplication of an organism that results in harm or disease to a host |
| Toxin | a substance that is harmful to cells |
| Disease | a specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and systems and attributable to heredity, infection, diet, or environment |
| Host | an organism that serves as a permanent or temporary home for another organism |
| The harmful effects of an infection on a host may be the direct result of an action taken by a pathogen or the result of toxins produced by the pathogen | |
| Pathogen | an organism that is capable of producing disease in another organism |
| The ability of an infecting organism to harm a host is referred to as virulence | |
| The ability of a host to avoid infection and reduce harm caused by infecting organism is called resistance | |
| An infection may result in observable systems in a host, or the infection may occur without systems | |
| Symptom | a condition that occurs in association with a disease and that can be evidence of the presence of the disease. ex.fever, chills, sluggishness, rash, loss of appetite, or watery eyes |
| The period of time between the incidence of infection and the appearance of symptoms in a host is referred to as the incubation period | |
| An infection in a host may be localized, limited to only one organ site, or it may be systemic, affecting the entire body | |
| The hosts body produces special cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them | |
| Communicable diseases are infections that can be spread from one human host to another through direct or indirect contact | |
| The spread of infection can be reduced by using antiseptic practices, cleaning with disinfedtants, and sterilizing instruments and surgical materials | |
| Antiseptic | a chemical used to destroy or reduce the growth of pathogens |
| Disinfectant | a chemical used to destroy or reduce the growth of pathogens on objects |
| Sterilize | to destroy all of the pathogens on an object or in a substance |
| Some infections can be prevented through vaccinactions | |
| Vaccinations | the administrations of a medication that increases the bodys resistance to a specific pathogen |
| Once an infection has occurred, antibiotics can be used to improve the bodys ability to fight the infection | |
| Antibiotic | a special medication that slows or stops the growth of certain microorganisms |
| Localized infection | an infection that involves only one organ or site of a hosts body |
| Also called local infection | |
| Systemic infection | an infection that has spread throughout a hosts body from an initial site |
| Acute infection | an infection that runs a rapid and severe course and then ends abruptly ex: cold, measles, influenza |
| Chronic infection | an infection that lasts for a long period of time—from weeks to several years Ex: advanced tuberculosis, or AIDS |
| Latent infection | an infection that has no apparent symptoms Ex: malaria, or early tuberculosis |
| Mixed infection | an infection that results from more than one organism Ex: appendicitis, or wound infections |
| Nosocomial infection | an infection that is contracted in a hospital or other health |
| Primary disease | the first occurring infection within a period of illness |
| Secondary disease | a subsequent infection or complication to an existing condition |
| The most common portals of ENTRY for pathogens are breaks in the skin and natural body openings such as the nose, mouth, genitourinary openings. | |
| Contagious | communicable, such a a disease that may be transmitted by direct or indirect contact |
| Genitourinary | referring to the structures and processes associated with urnary functions and reproduction |
| The most common portals of EXIT for pathogens are skin lesions and natural body openings such as the nose, mouth, genitourinary openings | |
| Lesion | a separation in tissue |
| Sputum | substance expelled from the respiratory tract that may contain mucus, pus, cellular materials, blood, and other materials |
| Typically, a disease will spread from an infected hosts portal of exit to a second hosts portals entry | |
| Hosts who have recovered from a disease or who are asymptomatic may be carriers and transmit the disease to others | |
| Asymptomatic | being without symptoms |
| Carrier | an organism capable of spreading disease |
| Zoonosis spread to humans from animals | |
| Zoonosis | a disease of animals that is transmissible to humans from its primary animal host Ex: equine encephalitis, rabies, and yellow fever |
| Pathogens that live in the soil, on other surfaces, or in contaminated foods can also enter the body through portal of entry | |
| Living hosts | |
| Inanimate objects or materials | |
| Inanimate | non living |
| Fomite | an inanimate object that is contaminated with pathogens and is capable of transmitting pathogens to a human hosts |
| Site of pathogen invasion | |
| Antibacterial techniques | |
| Normal flora | |
| Bacteriocidins | a medication that kills bacteria |
| Antibodies | a specialized protein produced in the blood plasma in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigenic substances |
| Phagocyte | a cell within the body that destroys invading organisms by engulfing and surrounding them |
| Ability to infect | the capacity of an organism to cause disease despite a hosts resistance |
| Invasiveness | the level of success an organism experiences upon entering a host; a measure of the number of organisms that are able to enter a hosts body |
| Toxigenicity | the relative strength and the amount of toxins produced by an organism |
| Other terms: | |
| Immunity | the state of being protected from the effects of a pathogen, generally due to having received a vaccination or because of the body’s production of antibodies from a previous exposure to the organism |
| Susceptibility | the degree to which a person is likely to contract a disease |
| Perspiration | helps to cleanse the pores and raise the level of acidity on the skin |
| Tears | rid the eyes of contaminants and help to seal and lubricate the eyelids to prevent entry of organisms |
| Saliva | contains enzymes that help break down invading pathogens and prevent them from colonizing in the mouth |
| Vaginal secretions | maintain a slightly acidic environment to prevent microorganisms from becoming established |
| Mucus | provides a coating that prevents pathogens from making direct contact with the skin |
| Cerumen | provides a coating that prevents pathogens from contacting delicate areas of the skin in the ear canal |
| Cerumen | ear wax, a secretion of the ceruminous gland in the ear canal |
| Normal flora | complete with invading microorganisms to prevent them from becoming established |
| Ciliated membranes | present physical barriers to contaminated particles and help to hold mucus in place |
| Lysozymes | inhabit the growth of bacteria in tears and saliva |
| Lysozyme | an enzyme with antiseptic actions that destroy some foreign organisms |
| Digestive fluids | inhabit the growth of bacteria in the stomach and intestines |
| Normal flora | complete with invading pathogens |
| Flushing actions | remove pathogens through the movement of liquids Ex: respiration |
| Protective reflexes | generally expel contaminated substances from the body |
| Protective reflexes | coughing, sneezing, vomiting, tearing of the eyes, or other action that provides protection against pathogens |
| Immunology | the study of the ways in which the body resists infection |
| Genetic immunity | immunity based on ones inherited genetic makeup rather than on the production of antibodies |
| Naturally acquired active immunity | long term immunity acquired when a person contracts a disease and his or her body naturally produces antibodies in response to the pathogen and memory cells that protect that person from the pathogen |
| Artificially acquired active immunity | long term immunity acquired when a person is given a vaccine and his or her body produces antibodies in response to the vaccine and memory cells that protect that person from the pathogen |
| Vaccine | a suspension of diluted or killed microorganisms administered in order to stimulate the production of antibodies to promote an active immunity to that pathogen |
| Naturally acquired passive immunity | temporary immunity acquired when antibodies are passed to a fetus through the mothers blood or to an infant through the mother’s milk when the infant is breast feeding |
| Artificially acquired passive immunity | temporary immunity acquired when an immune serum is injected into a persons bloodstream |
| Immune serum | a serum that is taken from another organism (animal or human) and that contains antibodies against a specific disease |
| Interferon response | the process by which a cell releases chemicals that interfere with a viruses ability to reproduce within a cell |
| Phagocytosis | the process in which a moving cell engulfs a mass of foreign material |
| Serum | protein response |
| Inflammatory reaction | the process by which tissues in an area of injury or infection work to trap pathogens in the area |
| Neutrophil | a type of white blood cell that is the first to respond to an inflammatory reaction, where it performs phagocytosis on pathogens |
| Lymphocyte | one of two types of white blood cells—a T cell or a B cell—that performes various functions related to recognizing, marking, and remembering pathogens based on their antigens |
| Monocyte | a type of white blood cell that inlarges to form a macrophage in oder to perform more |
| Eosinophil | a type of white blood cell that is belived to neutralize toxins such as those secreated by some pathogens |
| Basophil | a type of white blood cell that, as a part of the inflamotary reaction, relases chemicals that allow the capillaries to be penetrated by white blood cells and other substances that accumulate at an infection site |
| Basophil is less than 1% of the white blood cells and contains: | |
| Heparin | a chemical that helps prevent abnormal blood clotting |
| Histamine | a chemical that makes capillaries more permeable |
| Invasion | the virus that enters a cell |
| Synthesis | the infected cell that produces interferon |
| Fibroblast | a flat, elongated cell in the connective tissue |
| Release | the infected cell releases interferon into the bloodstream |
| Interference | interferon chemically attacks the virus and prevents it from multiplying |
| Phagocytosis | the infected cell and the inhabiting virus are engulfed by a phagocyte |
| Invagination | a phagocyte folds part of its self to create pseudopods that pull a pathogen to the body of the phagocyte |
| Pseudopod | an extension of the surface of a phagocyte; a “false foot” |
| Engulfment | the pathogen is completely surrounded by the body of the phagocyte |
| Vacuole formation | the phagocyte creates a vacuole around the engulfed pathogen |
| Fusing | a lysosome fuses with the vacuole so that the contents of the lysosome are emptied into the vacuole containing the engulfed pathogen |
| Release | the phagocyte releases the contents of the vacuole or dies and then eventually decomposes |
| T Cell | type of lymphocyte that is formed either in the fetal thymus gland or in the bone marrow and passes through the thymus on its way to the lymph nodes and spleen |
| Marrow | the inner structure of most large bones |
| B Cell | type of lymphocyte that is formed in fetal bone marrow and moves directly to the lymph nodes and spleen |
| Helper T Cells | seek out phagocytes that have engulfed pathogens and examine the antigens of captured pathogens; may also present the foreign antigen to B cells |
| Sensitized | capable of being affected by a specific stimulus |
| Sensitized helper T cells | divide rapidly to produce memory, Cytotoxic, and suppressor T cells |
| Memory T cells | carry the imprint of a particular pathogens antigens and store the imprint in preparation for future invasions of the pathogen |
| Cytotoxic T cells | chemically rupture the cell membrane of infected cells to prevent the pathogen from reproducing and also produce chemicals called cytokines that attract phagocytes to the area where the pathogen is located |
| Lysis | a process of disintegration or dissolution (as of cells) |
| Suppressor T cells | suppress the immune response once a foreign antigen has been destroyed |
| Inactive B cells | reside in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes until exposed to the antigen of their target pathogen |
| Activated B cells | divided into memory B cells and plasma cells |
| Memory B cells | remember the antigen and will become involved in responding to any subsequent invasion by that pathogen |
| Plasma cells | produce antibodies specific to a pathogens antigen and tag the pathogen cells for destruction by phagocytes |
| Cell | mediated immunity |
| Humoral | mediated immunity |
| Humoral | referring to the old concept of the body having 4 basic humors of fluids, including the plasma in which Humoral |
| Phagocyte location | T cells are released in a form called helper T cells to seek out phagocytes that have engulfed pathogens |
| Sensitization | the T cells become sensitized to the pathogen antigens in the phagocytes |
| Cloning | the sensitized helper T cells form other sensitized helper cells and memory, Cytotoxic, and suppressor T cells |
| Pathogen binding | the cloned cells travel to the site of the infection and attach to the antigen of pathogen cells |
| Cytokine release | the Cytotoxic T cells secrete cytokines to disrupt pathogen metabolism and to attach phagocytes to the area |
| Macrophage response | macrophages migrate to the infection site and engulf pathogens and damaged cells |
| Suppression | suppressor T cells secrete macrophage |
| Sensitization | helper T cells present the pathogen antigen to B cells, which become sensitized to the antigen |
| Cloning | the B cells form memory B cells and plasma cells |
| Antibody production | the plasma cells produce antibodies specific to the pathogens antigin and tag the pathogen cells for destruction by pathogens |
| Macrophage response | macrophages migrate to the infection site and engulf pathogens and damaged cells |
| Complement cascade | enzymes in the plasma cause a chain of chemical reactions that result in the complement components rupturing pathogens cells and in other actions such as attracting neutrophils to the site |
| Lag phase | the phase during which the body detects an unrecognized foreign antigen and begins to react |
| Primary | response phase |
| Secondary | response phase |
| Constriction | the blood vessels constrict to allow blood to pool at the affected site |
| Constrict | to grow smaller or narrower |
| Dilation | the blood vessels dilate, and white blood cells gather in the affected site to fight infection |
| Dilate | to grow larger or expand |
| Exudation | the injured or infected cells secrete exudates that causes the area to swell |
| Exudates | a substance that has oozed from a body, such as from a cell |
| Nonpathogenic strain | a vaccine that contains organisms of the same genus as the arget pathogen but that are a species or subspecies that is not pathogenic |
| Ex: some influenza vaccines | |
| Closely related microorganisms | a vaccine that contains nonpathogenic organisms that are chemically similar to the target pathogen |
| Attenuated living pathogen | a vaccine that contains live weakened or less |
| Killed pathogen | a vaccine that contains nonliving or inactive pathogens Ex: vaccine for rabies, vaccine for typhoid fever |
| Extract of pathogen | a vaccine that contains components of the pathogen, such as bacterial capsules |
| Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, haemophilus b conjugate vaccine | |
| Toxoid | a vaccine that contains toxins or toxoids of the pathogen |
| Toxoid | a toxin that has been modified so as not to be harmful |
| Hypersensitive response | an excessive response by the bodys immune system to a foreign substance |
| Immediate | hypersensitive response upon exposure to an allergen and due to an antigen/antibody reaction |
| Delayed | hypersensitive response following exposure to an allergen and due to the body cells reacting to the allergen |
| Autoimmunity | hypersensitive response to one’s own antigens |
| Isoimmunity | hypersensitive response to antigen from one’s own species |
| Congenital | present at birth as a result of conditions in the womb |
| Antiseptic | a chemical used to destroy or reduce the growth of pathogens on peopke |
| Disinfectant | a chemical used to destroy or reduce or reduce the growth of pathogens on objects |
| Broad | spectrum antibiotic |
| Narrow | spectrum antibiotic |
| Sterilization | a process that destroys pathogens on surfaces |
| Pasteurization | a process of heating a food to destroy pathogens in the food Ex: the pasteurization of milk |
| Public health | to prevent the spread of illness |
| Food preservation | to keep microorganisms from destroying food and to prevent the spread of disease through infected food |
| Production of sterile products | to prevent contamination of the products during the production process |
| Research | to produce pathogens under controlled circumstances to gain better understanding of them and to develop vaccines and other control measures for them |
| Immediacy of initial treatment | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure depends on how quickly the antimicrobial procedure was performed after the possibility of a microbial invasion |
| Interval between treatments | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure depends on how much time has passed between the initial antimicrobial procedure and a subsequent procedure |
| High temperature | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure is increased if the procedure is performed under extremely high temperature |
| Low temperature | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure can be increased if the procedure is performed under extremely low temperature |
| Concentration | the strength of the antimicrobial substance used in an antimicrobial procedure can increase the effectiveness of the procedure |
| Type of microbe | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure increased when the proper procedure is selected for the type of microbe it will be used against |
| Number of microbes | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure increased if the procedure is initiated before there are a great number of microbes to be killed |
| Microbial defense | the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure increased if the microbe has not been overly exposed to the procedure and has developed defenses against the procedure |
| Physical methods | Barrier |
| Moist heat | used to kill microbes through the combined effect of heat and water that is at a temp short to boiling |
| Dry heat | used to kill microbes through the effects of heat from a source such as an oven or infrared light |
| Pressurized steam | used to kill all microbes and their spores through the effects of an autoclave |
| Cold | will not generally kill microbes but is used to slow their growth |
| Drying | used to reduce the growth of fungi and bacteria |
| Radiation | used to kill microbes on materials such as plastics that cannot be subjective to high temps |
| Ultrasonic waves | used to kill microbes on materials that can be safely exposed to microwaves |
| Filtration | used to control microbes in a fluid (liquid or gas) by forcing the fluid through a material with openings that allow the fluid to pass through but are too small to allow pathogens to pass through, leaving pathogens trapped in the materials |
| Chemical methods | Antiseptic |
| Disinfectant | used to destroy bacteria on inanimate objects |
| Sterilant | used to destroy all organisms on inanimate objects |
| Improper hand washing techniques | |
| Inappropriate use of antibiotics | |
| False sense of security | |
| Type of surgery performed on patient | |
| Caregivers patient load | |
| Type of care procedure performed | |
| Facility staffing | |
| Administration of an immunosuppressive agent | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | responsible for a number of post |
| Streptococcus species | involved in “strep” throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia, rheumatic heart disease, and other communicable conditions |
| Esherichia coli | responsible for various infections referred to as colitis |
| Colitis | an inflammatory condition of the large intestine characterized by severe diarrhea, bleeding, and ulceration of the mucosa of the intestine |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | presents a particular hazard for various infections to burn victims, patients with cystic fibrosis, and those patients with certain types of cancer where the skin and mucous membranes do not afford adequate protection |
| Mycobacterium species | responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy and present particular hazard for various infections to patients with low resistance, such as those with AIDS, to those receiving immunosuppressors, and to those with pulmonary conditions |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | responsible for aids |
| Hepatitis B Virus | Responsible for hepatitis |
| Human papilloma Virus | Associated with several types of cancer, including cancers of the mouth and cervix |
| Total—isolation that requires a patient to have no contact with anyone | |
| Also called strict isolation | |
| Protective—isolation that requires that patient not be exposed to infection ricks | |
| Enteric—isolation that requires protection with regard to a patients intake and output of food and liquids | |
| Enteric | pertaining to the intestine |
| Wound or skin—isolation that requires the use of barriers to prevent contact with moist areas | |
| Also called drainage/secretion precautions | |
| Respiratory—isolation that requires the use of a mask and separation of a patient from contact with other patients | |
| Blood/body fluids—isolation that requires the use of gloves, other barriers, and proper disposal of body fluids and contaminated materials | |
| Also called body | substance isolation |
| Hands and other skin surfaces should be washed immediately and thoroughly if contaminated with blood or other body fluids | |
| Handling of body fluids and specimens should only be done while wearing goggles, masks, gloves, and impermeable clothing | |
| Venipuncture | a procedure that involves puncturing a vein |
| Hands should be washed immediately after gloves are removed | |
| Used sharps should be placed in disposable containers, using no touch passing | |
| Sharps | instruments such as scalpels, needles, tweezers, and other divices that are capable of separating flesh; also includes foreign bodies such as objects that may be removed from the body and then present hazards to health |
| Used needles should not be recapped | |
| Staples should be used instead of sutures whenever possible | |
| After they are used, disposable syringes and needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp items should be placed in puncture | resistance containers for disposal |
| Reusable instruments and equipment should be subjected to a level of sterilization that will ensure terminal exposure for pathogens | |
| Health care workers who have sores or skin conditions that exude fluids should refrain from all direct patient care and from handling patient | care equipment until the condition resolves |
Created by:
llc1980
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