Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
science stuff
quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| three parts of a DNA molecule | sugar molecule (deoxyribose), phosphate group (phosphorus & oxygen), and a nitrogen containing base |
| purines | adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidines | thymine and cytosine |
| where is the nitrogen base attached to deoxyribose | on the opposite side of phosphate/inthe middle of the dna molecule |
| where is the phosphate molecule attached to the deoxyribose? | on the opposite side of the nitrogen base |
| describe the backbone of dna | alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate molecules |
| phoshodiester linkage? | links two sugar groups and a phosphate group, forms the backbone |
| ester? | ester like is the same thing as a phospodiester |
| how long is each DNA molecule? | .34 nm |
| waht does 5' mean? 3'? | 3' is the template strand and 5' is the replicated strand |
| how many base pairs are present in each full turn of the DNA molecule? | 10 |
| waht is this distance? | 3.4 nm |
| DNA strands run antiparallel. | They're parallel but going different ways |
| ifone end is 3' what wil the other be? | 5' |
| waht is the chemical at the 5' end? | phosphorus |
| what is the chemical at the 3' end? | deoxyribose sugar |
| waht does complementary mean? | if one side has one nucleotide, then the other side has its pair |
| where is the code in DNA? | the nucleotides |
| waht does this code control in the cell? | controls the traits/call chemicals formed by cell |
| What type of cells have circular DNA | bacteria and archea (prokaryot) |
| who has linear DNA? | everything else (eukaryots) |
| what is a chromosome? | threadlike strand of dna that carries genes and functions and transmission iof hereditary information |
| a gene? | hereditary unit consisting of a equence of dna that occupies a specific location on a chromosome partical trait and creates a protein |
| why is dna semiconservative? | because half of the outcome is from the original DNA, so its conserved some |
| what is a karyotype | they are prepared from the nucleus of cultured white blood cells that are going through mitosis. the chrom's are put in order on a grid |
| autosome? | a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; the first 22 |
| sex chromosome | the chromosone that determines the sex (23) |
| binary fission | prokaryotes- asexual |
| mitosis | eukaryotic nuclear divison (every cell but sex.nerve and muscle cells) |
| meiosis | nuclear division that reduces chromosomes number by half |
| cell cycle | a phase process of cell life/replication |
| interphase | the longest part of the cell cycle, not reproduction |
| g1 phase | cell growth- the size doubles- 2nd interphase stage |
| g2 phase | the cell prepares for mitosis- final itnerphase stage |
| g0 phase | phase where the cell does not reproduce. cell neither divides nor dna replicates. |
| m phase | the phase where most mitosis takes place, plus cytokinesis |
| centrosome | the area around a centriole |
| centroile | only in animal cells, help with reporuction |
| spindle fibers | connect the centrioles when they're on different dies |
| centromere | what joins two sister chromatids together |
| ctokenesis-cleavage furrow | formed in telphase, punching off of the cells |
| ctokinesis-cell plate | what pl;antsform during the last phase of cytokinesis. |
| what happens to the n number of chromosomes during mitosis | it stays the same (2n->2n) |
| where does mitosis take place in your body? | skin cells, blood cells, all body cells |
| what happens to the n number of chromosomes drugin meiosis? | the n number of chromosomes is reduced in half |
| where does meiosis occur in you? | in animal reproductive organs (gametes) |
| where does meiosis occur in a plant? | in gametes and pollin formation in the flower |
| whihc type of cells remain in the Go phase of the cell cycle? | nerve cells and muscle cells |
| hwat would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis | cells would die- the cell wouldnt properly divide. chromosomes wouldnt match up correctly |
| how do cancer cells differnt from normal cells in relationship to the cell cycle? | work at a faster rate, do not have checkpoints |
| DNA consists of how many pairs of nucleutides | 6 billion |
| what happens to the DNA during cell division | coileed into a very compact structure(chromosomes) |
| what makes up chromosomes | DNA+protein |
| what do Histones do | help maintain the shape of the chromosome/help DNA pack tightly |
| what is a non-histone | proteins that do not participate in the packing of DNA |
| what do non-histones do | involved in controlling the activity of specific regions of the DNA |
| what is a chromatid | half of a chromosome |
| when does a chromatid form | before cell division when DNA copies itself |
| what does a chromomere do | it holds the chromatids together |
| when and why does DNA uncoil | in between cell division so that it can be read and direct cell activities |
| what do sex chromosomes do | determines sex of an organism and may carry genes for another characteristic |
| what is chromatin | less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex |
| what has circular DNA | prokaryotes |
| why cant different species have offspring | different number of chromosomes |
| what are the sex chromosomes in humans | x and y |
| women have what pairing of sex chromosomes | xx |
| men have what pairing of sex chromosomes | xy |
| what are autosomes | all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes |
| how many chromosomes are autosomes | 44/46 |
| where do organisms recieve each autosome | a parent |
| what are 2 copies of a chromosome together called | homologues chromosome |
| homologues of the same size and shape carry what | genes for the same trait |
| what is a karyotype | a photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a dividing cell found in a normal human |
| what is a diploid | cells having two sets of chromosomes |
| which chromosomes do the diploid cells have | both chromosomes for each homologues pair |
| which cells arent diploid cells in humans | reproductive cells |
| what is the difference of diploid cells in humans and animals | they have 2 sex chromosomes in animals |
| what are gametes | haploid cells |
| how many sets of chromosomes do gametes contain | only 1 set |
| how many ns is haploid | 1 |
| when a sperm cell and an egg cell create a new organism what is it | a diploid 2n |
| what is binary fission | division of a prokaryotic cell into 2 offspring cells |
| what are the 3 stages of binary fission | 1. chromosome makes a copy of itself resulting in 2 identical chromosomesattached to the inside of the prokaryotes inner membrane 2. The cell grows twice as large 3.Splits into two different cells In eukaryotic cell division, both the cytoplasm and the nu |
| what are the 2 types of cell division | mitosis/meiosis |
| where does mitosis occur | in the uni/multicellular organism |
| what does meiosis do | it reduces the chromosome number in half in cells |
| after meiosis what do the new cells join together to make | a completechromosome number |
| what is the cell cycle | the repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell |
| what is interphase | the time between cell division |
| how many phases does interphase have and what are they | 3=g1,s,g2 |
| what is the M phase and what happens during it | mitosis, the nucleus of the cell divides |
| what is cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm of the cell |
| cells spend most of their lifetime in which phase | interphase |
| how big are the offspring cells | about half the size of the originals |
| what occurs in the g1 phase | offspring cells grow to a mature size |
| what does G1 stand for | the time gap following cell division and preceding DNA replication |
| what occurs during the S phase | DNA is copied |
| what does the G2 phase represent | the time gap following DNA synthesis and preceding cell division |
| what occurs during the g2 phase | the cell prepares for cell division |
| how would a cell enter the G0 phase | it would exit the cell cycly probably during the G phase |
| do cells copy their DNA or prepare for cell division in the G0 phase | no |
| which cells in the human body are in the G0 phase | nerve and muscle cells |
| what is mitosisand when does it occur | the division of the nucleus during cell division |
| what are the phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| name the first phase of mitosis | prophase |
| how does prophase begin | with the shortening and tight coiling of DNA into rod shaped chromosomes |
| during prophase what does the centromere do | it connects the 2 chromatids |
| during what phase of mitosis the nucleus begin to disapear | prophase |
| what do centrosmes do during prophase | The centrosomes move towards opposite sides of the cell |
| what do the spindle fibers do during prophase | Spindle fibers made out of microtubules radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for mitosis. |
| what is the mitotic spindle and what does it do | it serves to equally divide the chromatids between two offspring cells during cell division |
| what are the 2 types of spindle fibers | kinetochore fibers and polar fibers |
| what do kinetochore fibers do | kinetochore fibers and polar fibers |
| what do polar fibers do | extend across the cell |
| what is the second mitosis phase | metaphase |
| what is different about chromosomes in metaphase compared to prophase | Chromosomes are easier to identify and go to the middle of the cell |
| during metaphase what does the kinetochore do | holds chromosomes in middle of cell |
| karyotypes | (blank) |
| what is the third phase of mitosis | anaphase |
| during anaphase what do the chromosomes do | the seperate into chromatids at the centromere and move towards opposite poles |
| what are chromatids | chromosomes when they seperate |
| what is the 4th phase of mitosis | telophase |
| deoxyribose | sugar, one of the three parts of DNA |
| phosphate group | an atom P with surrounding oxygens, held together by poldiester bonds. |
| nitrogen-containing base | either a, t, c or g |
| nucleotide | monomer of DNA or RNA |
| adenine | (a)- purine, matches with t |
| guanine | (g)- pyrim., matches with c |
| cytosine | (c)- purine matches with g |
| thymine | (t)- pyrm. matches with a |
| uracil | takes the place of thymine in RNA |
| purines | have 2 rings of carbon |
| pyrimidines | having 1 ring of carbon |
| double helix | the shape of DNA, like a spiral staircase |
| complementary base pairs | a and t & g and c |
| base-pairing rule | says that a can only be with t and g can only be with c |
| replication | the exact copying of DNA |
| replication fork | the point at which the DNA chain splits |
| helicases | the enzyme that tells DNA to split |
| DNA polymerases | enzyme that assists in replication. |
| mutation | change |
| chromatin | DNA+proteins in the nucleus of a nondividing cell |
| chromosome | DNA+protein in a coiled rod-shape form that cocurs during mcell division |
| during telophase what happens to the spindle fibers | they disassemble |
| what happens to chromosomes during telophase | return to a less tightly coiled state |
| during which phase does the nuclear membrane reappear and around what | telophase around each set of chromosomes |
| during which phase do the nucleolus form and where | telophase in each new forming cell |
| what happens during cytokinesis | the cytoplasm of the cell divides |
| what is cleavage furrow and what starts with this | a pinching inward of the cell membrane midway it pinches the cell into two cells through the action of microfilaments |
| In plant cells, vesicles fuse at the midline of dividing cell forming what | a cell plate |
| what does the cell plate do | separates the cell into two cells |
| how do the sizes of the plant and animal cells offspring compare | equal |
| what does each offspring cell recieve | identical copy of the original cell’s chromosomes and one half of the original cells cytoplasm. |
| chromatid | one of the two identical parts of a chromosome |
| centromere | a region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are held together and which si the site of attachement of the chromosome to the spindle fibers during mitosis |
| histones | a protein molecule that DNA wraps around during chromosome formation |
| sex chromosomes | a chromosome that determines sex |
| autosomes | a non-sex chromosome |
| homologous chromosomes | one of a pair of morphically similar chromosomes |
| karyotype | a picture of a chromosome |
| diploid cell | a cell that contains both chromosomes in a homologous pair (2n) |
| haploid | having only one chromosome of each homologous pair |
| 2n number in human cells | 46 |
| n number in sperm and egg cells | n |
| how wide is dna? | 2 nm |
| is the nnucleic acid in DNA an organic compound | yes |
| what is DNA made up of | repeating subunits called nucleotides |
| how many chains is each DNA molecule | 2 chains |
| what are the 3 parts of a DNA molecule | deoxyribose, a phosphate group (consisting of phosphorus, surrounded by oxygen), and a nitrogen-containing base |
| what are the 4 kinds of nitrogen containing bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thumine |
| how many rings of carbon do purines have | two rings of carbon, and they are adenine and guanine |
| how many rings of carbon do pyrimidines have | one ring of carbon and they are thymine and cytosine |
| what is the shape of DNA | a double helix similar to a spiral staircase |
| how are individual nucleotides connected | covalent bonds |
| what is the backbone of dnas made out of | alternating phosphorus and deoxyribose sugar |
| somatic | body cells |
| gamete | sex cells |
| zygote | sex cells combined |
| spermatogenesis | cell divison that produced male gametes. nucleus of the germ cell in them ale divides twice to produce four smiliar- sized sperm cells. |
| oogensis | egg production: in the female, there are also two divisions, but the cytoplasm is divided very unequally. most of the cytoplasm and one fo the four nuclei form the egg cell. the remainder form smalle rpolar bodies and are abortive. |
| how are the bases of the 2 chains connected | by hydrogen bonds |
| how do the purines match with the pyrimidines and what are these called | Cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine, complementary base pairs |
| how many hydrogen bonds do cytosine and guanine make and how many do adenine and thymine | three hydrogen bonds two hydrogen bonds |
| what is replication | The process by which DNA is copied |
| what is replication fork | the point at which the two chains separate |
| what is the enzyme that seperates the 2 chains | helicases |
| after the chains seperate what do DNA polymers do | bond to the chains of DNA.Then form a complementary chain |
| does DNA replication occur simultaneously at many points of the seperated nucleotide | yes |
| when replication is over how many copies of the original DNA are there | 2 |
| after replication what does the cell undergo | division |
| what is a mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequences at even one location and it may have some serious effects in new cells |
| what is RNA | nucleic acid made up of repeating nucleotides |
| which normal base is rarely found in RNA | thymine |
| instead of thymine RNA contains which pyramidine | uracil |
| how many kinds of RNA are there and what are they | 3 |
| what is messenger RNA | consists of RNA nucleotides in the form of a single uncoiled chain. It carries genetic information from the DNA to the nucleus to the cutosol of a eukaryotic cell |
| what is transfer RNA | consists of a single chain of a bout 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that binds to specific amino acids. There are about 45 varieties of Trna |
| what is ribosomal RNA | the most abundant form of RNA. RRNA consists of RNA nucleotides in a globular form. Joined by proteins, rRNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made. |
| what does RNA do | carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol, where it can be used to produce proteins |
| what is transcription | The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA |
| what is RNA polymerase | the primary transcription enzyme |
| what does RNA polymerase do | initiates RNA transcription by binding to specific regions of DNA called promoters |
| what is termination signal | what RNA polymerase reaches, a DNA region. It is a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene in eukaryotes and may mark the end of several functionally related gene |
| cells spend most of life here | interphase |
| cell size doubles | g1 |
| cell division proteins and enzymes are synthesized | g1 |
| many neurons and muscle cells are in this place | g0 |
| cleavage furrow/cell plate forms | cytokineses/telophase |
| nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down | early prophase |
| nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform | telophase |
| chromosomes align at center of nucleus | metaphase |
| cells have half the amount of cytoplasm at the beginning of this phase | g1? |
| chromatin visible | interphase |
| segment of DNA that contains | gene |
| most cells enter the GO pase from this phase | G1 |
| a chromosome picture | a karyote type |
| uncondensed DNA | chromatin(interphase) |
| homologous | morphocally similiar pair of chromosomes(sister) |
| point at which 2 chains seperate | replication fork |
| oogenesis results in this many functional cells | 1 |
| during this phase the nucleuous reforms | telophase |
| a cell with 16 chromosomes that undergoes meiosis has how many meiosis | 8 |
| most important result of mitosis | exact duplication cells |
| end of mitosis what amount of cytoplasm is there | half |
| which end of the DNA attaches to the phosphorus | 5 prime |
| nonfunctioning cells from oogenesis | polar bodies |
| eukaryotic nuclear division | mitosis |
| cytoplasmic division? | cytokinesis |
| the region where centrioles are located | centrosome |
| the fusion of the sperm and egg cell | zygote |
| prophase can be split into these 2 phases | early and late prophase |
| DNA replication occurrs in this direction | anti-parallel |
| what is the longest of the cell cycle phases | interphase |
| most of the nerve cells are found in this phase | G0 phase |
| what is the number of autosomes in a sperm cell | 22 |
| what type of base is adenine | purine |
| cancer mostly affects this type of body cell | epiphical |
| higher risk for cancer and lower education | men |
| mitosis occurs in uni/multicellular animals | true |
| DNA replicates during this phase | s phase |
| what are the 2 sex chromosomes | x and y |
| prokaryotic cell division | binary fission |
| when do chromosomes line up in the middle | metaphase |
| karyotes are taken during this phase | metaphase |
| somatic cells are produced through | mitosis |
| number of pairs of autosomes in the body | 22 |
| base found in DNA only | thymine |
| sugar in DNA | deoxyribose |
| centrioles are visible during | whole cycle |
| all species have same number of chromosomes | false |
| kinechote and polar | spindle fibers |
| chromatin= | gene + protien |
| primary transcription enzyme? | ryan polymerase |
Created by:
lilee256