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Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Arthros | means joint, as in arthritis |
| Articulation | Where two bones meet, whether they move or do not move – Most permit movement |
| Can a joint be strong and mobile? | A joint can either be strong or mobile; it cannot be both! |
| Kinesiology | The study of motion |
| What is Function based on? | is based on movement (ROM) allowed between the bones of the joint |
| What is Structure based on? | is based on anatomy only, most especially on ingredients of the matrix |
| 3 Functional classes of joints | Synarthrotic, Amphiarthrotic, Diarthrotic |
| 3 matrix ingredients of joints | Fibers, Cartilage, and Bone |
| Synovial joints | are diarthroses, they are freely moveable |
| Synarthrosis joints | are together or interlocked; no ROM Extremely strong to prevent movement, |
| Example of a Synarthrosis | Skull sutures |
| Amphiarthrosis | Have some ROM Slight movements possible but made for stability |
| Example of Amphiarthrosis | ankles + wrists |
| Diarthrosis | full Range of Motion (ROM), Free movement but unstable, |
| Example of Diarthrosis | shoulders + knees |
| Structural Anatomy is | Matrix + Joint Cavity |
| Does Structural category care about ROM? | No |
| The matrix is made of | Fibrous, Cartilage, and bone |
| Synovial joints contain | all three matrices (fibers, cartilage, and bone) and a joint cavity |
| Structural Classes of Joints: Synthrosis (No ROM) | Suture – dense fiber Gomphosis – fibrous ligament Synchondrosis - cartilage Synostosis - bony |
| Structural Classes of Joints: Amphiarthrosis (some ROM) | Syndesmosis – fibrous ligament Symphysis - fibrocartilage |
| Structural Classes of Joints: Diarthrosis (full ROM) | Synovial joints – all three |
| Types of Synarthroses (No ROM) | Are very strong • Edges of bones may touch or interlock, therefore no ROM • Four types of synarthrotic joints: Suture Gomphosis Synchondrosis Synostosis |
| Suture (type of Synarthroses | Bones interlocked (sewn together) by tough, dense fibers • Ex: skull bones are sutured with fibers |
| Gomphosis (type of Synarthroses) | Fibrous, periodontal ligament • Bolts teeth into sockets • Ex: tooth in socket |
| Synchondrosis (type of Synarthroses) | Rigid cartilage bridge between two bones • Ex: Epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate) of long bones; still cartilage while child is growing but no ‘movement’ • Ex: Ribs 1 and 2 where attached to manubrium |
| Synostosis (type of Synarthroses) | Two bones fuse and boundary disappears • Ex: craniosynostosis of skull – premature fusion of the fibrous sutures of skull • Ex: Epiphyseal lines of long bones; mature bones fuse the growth plates, changing cartilage of childhood to bone of adulthood |
| Types of Amphiarthroses (Some ROM) | 1. Syndesmosis 2. Symphysis |
| Some characteristics of Amphiarthroses | More movable than synarthrosis Stronger than freely movable joint |
| Syndesmosis (Types of Amphiarthroses) | Bones connected by fibrous ligaments • Ex: tibia/fibula, radius/ulna |
| Symphysis (Types of Amphiarthroses) | Two bones connected by a wedge of tough fibrocartilage • Fibers + cartilage = fibrocartilage • Ex: Pubic symphysis • Ex: intervertebral discs (IVDs) |
| Diarthrotic Joint Properties | • All diarthrotic joints are synovial joints • Also called movable joints – full range of motion • At ends of articulating bones • Has special features like articular capsule and synovial fluid • Have all three matrices: fibers, cartilage, bone • Ex |
| Synovial Joint Structures: | • Articular cartilage • Synovial fluid • Joint cavity • Articular capsule • Fibrous capsule outside • Synovial membrane inside • Accessory structures (menisci, fat pads, ligaments, tendons, bursae) |
| Articular Cartilage | Reduces Friction in Joints Covering on the ends of two articulating bones • Resembles hyaline (smooth, brittle, glass-like, heals poorly) cartilage but has more water • Reduces friction during movement – Aided by synovial fluid |
| Type of damage to cartilage | Osteoarthritis MC (most common), rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, infection – Bone breaks down; rough surfaces result = pain due to friction! |
| Synovial Fluid consistency | is like raw egg white |
| Synovial Fluid functions as | a.)Lubrication • Cartilage like a sponge filled with synovial fluid; creates a hydroplane surface b) Nutrient Distribution • Chondrocytes live in avascular articular cartilage; how can they get food and get rid of waste? Through the vacuum created |
| Synovial fluid is a | non -Newtonian fluid Rheopectic fluids (non- Newtonian) solidify when shaken, like printer ink or military armor • When joint pressure suddenly increases, as when jumping, synovial fluid viscosity increases. |
| Accessory Structures characteristics | Cushion and Stabilize Joints |
| Accessory Structures of joints: | Meniscus (Articular disc), Fat pad, Ligaments and Tendons, Bursae, |
| Meniscus (Articular disc) | – Tough fibrocartilage disc between bones; found in knee and TMJ |
| Fat pad | – Adipose mass covered in synovial membrane, usually outside joint capsule. Fill in empty spaces when joints move. |
| Ligaments and Tendons | – Capsular ligaments can be outside (extracapsular) or inside (intracapsular) the synovial joint – Tendons are not part of a joint but lend stability even when not moving – Sprain vs. strain |
| Bursae | – Sing. Bursa, “pouch” – Thin, fluid-filled pockets in CT that contain synovial fluid – May be connected to or separate from a joint cavity – Protects where a tendon or ligament rubs against tissue – Reduce friction, act as shock absorbers – Synovial |
| Injuries to Joints | Dislocation (luxation) – Articulating surfaces forced out of position – Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule • Subluxation – A partial dislocation |
| • Rheumatism | A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Gouty Arthritis |
| Osteoarthritis (Most Common) | -Due to repetitive motion of opposing joint surfaces; some genetic factors affecting collagen formation • Pain management and/or surgical correction may alleviate symptoms • Movement re-education useful |
| Arthritis | All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune disease of joints – An inflammatory condition due to genetic and environmental factors – Wrists and hands, lungs, heart inflammation |
| Gouty Arthritis | Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) form within synovial fluid • Due to metabolic disorders • Consuming meat, seafood, beer (purines), and being overweight are factors |
| Joint immobilization | Reduces flow of synovial fluid – Can cause arthritis symptoms – Treated by Continuous Passive Motion or CPM (therapy) |
| Bones and aging | Bone mass decreases – Bones weaken – Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture |
| Bone recycling | Living bones maintain homeostatic ion equilibrium – Bone building (osteoblasts) and breakdown (osteoclasts) |
| Calcium | Bone contains 99% of total body calcium |
| Factors that affect Bone Strength | 1. Age 2. Physical stress 3. Hormone levels 4. Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion 5. Genetic and environmental factors |
| All Factors Affecting Bone Strength work by | affecting bone recycling |
Created by:
tarich5z
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