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Carbohydrates
Special Stain for demonstration of Carbohydrates
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| PAS Purpose | To demonstrate: Polysaccharides Neutral Mucins Basement Membrane Fungi |
| PAS Principle | The PAS Stain is a two step histochemical reaction where the periodic acid first oxidizes the carbon bonds in the carbohydrates to release the aldehyde groups. These aldehydes then react with the Schiff's reagent to produce a magenta color. |
| PAS Expected Results | Nuclei -Blue PAS Positive Elements - Magenta |
| PAS Control Tissue | Glycogen: Skin, normal liver Basement Membrane - Kidney |
| PAS/D Purpose | Demonstration of glycogen in tissue sections |
| PAS/D Principle | The diastase act on the glycogen to de-polymerize it into smaller sugar units, maltose and glucose, that are washed out of the sections |
| PAS/D Expected Results | With Digestion: Nuclei - Blue Glycogen - Absent Without Digestion: Nuclei - Blue Glycogen - Magenta |
| PAS/D Control Tissue | Identical sections on two separate slides. One digested, other is not. Both stained with PAS |
| APAS Purpose | Differentiate between acid mucins and neutral mucins |
| APAS Principle | All acid mucins are first stained with Alcian Blue, those acid mucins which are also PAS positive will be chemically blocked and not react further. Only the neutral mucins will react further with PAS. Neutral mucins will stain pink |
| APAS Expected Results | Acid Mucins - Blue Neutral Mucins - Magenta |
| APAS Control Tissue | Colon Small intestine with goblet cells |
| Alcian Blue Purpose | Alcian Blue stains acid mucins |
| Alcian Blue Principle | Alcian Blue is a group of polyvalent basic dyes that are water soluble. The blue colour is due to the presence of copper in the molecule. Alcian Blue is made up in 3% acetic acid, which will stain the acid mucins. |
| Alcian Blue Expected Results | Acid Mucins - Blue Nuclei/background - red/pink |
| Alcian Blue Control Tissue | Appendix Colon |
| Southgate's Mucicarmine Purpose | Staining of mucins which are of an epithelial origin |
| Southgate's Mucicarmine Principle | This is an empirical stain, where the positively charged carmine-aluminium complex bonds with the negatively charged acid mucins |
| Southgate's Mucicarmine Expected Results | Epithelial Mucins - Reddish Pink Nuclei - blue Other - Yellow |
| Southgate's Mucicarmine Control Tissue | Small intestine Colon |
| Congo Red Purpose | Demonstration of Amyloid in tissue |
| Congo Red Principle | Amyloid is homogeneous and eosinophilic, the deposits are extracellular and may become big enough to cause damage to the surrounding tissue. When staining with Congo Red, the amyloid with the aid of a polarising lens will birefringe an apple green colour |
| Congo Red Expected Results | Amyloid, Elastin - Dull Red Nuclei - Blue Background - Clear |
| Congo Red Control Tissue | Known amyloidosis coating tissue |
| Best's Carmine Purpose | Demonstration of glycogen |
| Best's Carmine Principle | The staining of glycogen is accomplished by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups on the glycogen and hydrogen atoms on the carminic acid |
| Best's Carmine Expected Results | Glycogen - Deep Red Nuclei - Blue Other - Unstained |
| Best's Carmine Control Tissue | Liver |
| Feulgen Reaction | Used specifically for DNA. The aldehyde groups here are released and formed by means of acid hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid. The aldehyde groups then react with the Schiff's reagent to produce a magenta color |
Created by:
Lulita
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