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VET 201- Exotic Lab
Rats
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Order | rodentia |
| Family | muridae |
| Origin | domesticated strains of the Norway rat |
| Average Weight | 250-500 g |
| Sprague-Dawley | outbred stock, is albino, faster growing than the Wistar Rat, long narrow head, tail same length as body. |
| Wistar | outbred stock, is albino, wide head, long ears, tail is shorter than body. |
| Long-Evans | hooded rat, smaller than Wistar and Sprague-Dawley |
| Fischer 344 (F344) | rat that has high incidence of cancers and retinal degeneration. Used in gerontology (social, biological, psychological aspects of aging) |
| Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR) | rat used in study therapies |
| Buffalo (BUF) | rat used in autoimmune thyroiditis |
| Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) | mutated rat that weighs 400-600 grams by 15 weeks. Develop hyperlipidemia & hyperglycemia by 8 wks and diabetes by 12 wks when fed a high fat diet. |
| Nude | rat that lacks a thymus is a mutation, deficient in T-lymphocytes so it readily accepts human tumors. |
| P53 Knockout | a genetically modified rat used in oncology |
| RIP-HAT | a genetically modified rat used for diabetic research. |
| Microbiological Status | types of organisms that the animal is carrying |
| Rat Uses | uses: Hypertension, neoplasia, teratology, toxicology, embryology, and aging. Ranked 2nd to mice in biomedical research. |
| Rat Attributes | -short life span -short gestation -large litter sizes -great genetic diversity -easy to maintain |
| Rat Behavior | behavior: gentle, intelligent, social, nocturnal, burrowers, vocalizations, rarely fight and are housed in pairs, rarely bite, easy to train. |
| Dental Formula | 2 (I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3) |
| Rat Stomach | has a divided stomach (Aglandular forestomach, glandular stomach) fold in limiting ridge prevents ability to vomit. No gallbladder. Diffuse pancreas. Cecum highly developed and acts like a rumen for microbial digestion. |
| Harderian Gland | lacrimal gland located behind the eye, secretes substance with high levels of porphyrin. |
| Sexing Rats | use the anogenital distance (shorter in females) and testicles are prominent in males. |
| Hematology | lymphocytes compromise 80% of white blood cells |
| Urine | has a pH of 7.3-8.5, can concentrate urine twice that of humans. |
| Puberty | 2-3 months, not bred until 3 months |
| Room Temp | 68-79*F |
| Humidity | 30-70% |
| Ventilation | 10-15 air changes/hour |
| Light Cycle | 12-14 hours of light |
| Coprophagic | involving the eating of excrement |
| Food and Water | should be fed and watered ad libitum, fed a commercial rodent diet w/ 4% fat and 20-25% protein. Needs 5-6 g of food per 100 g of body weight and 10-12 mL per 100 g of body weight. |
| Restraint Methods | NEVER pick up by tail unless its the base. Can manually restrain with hand behind arms and around head, scruff, or use clear plastic restraint bags/tubes. |
| Permanent Identification Methods | -ear tag, ear/tail tattoo, SQ microchip |
| Temporary Identification Methods | -dye, permanent marker, clipping fur |
| Blood Collection Sites | -lateral tail vein, lateral saphenous vein, jugular, retroorbital plexus, cardiac. |
| Oral Drug Admin. | -drug in food or water -gavage needle |
| Parenteral (injection) Drug Admin. | -use of small gauge needles (23- or 25-g) -SQ -IM (not recommended, small muscle mass, painful) -IP (lower right abdominal quadrant just off midline |
| Pre-anesthetic Fasting | not recommended for surgery prep |
| Common Sx's | -castration -mammary tumor excision (easy to removal, reoccur) |
| Post-op Care | place rat on clean towel, room by self, external heat source, warmed SQ fluids, turn rat every 30 minutes to prevent hypostatic lung congestion, food/water is optional. |
| Euthanasia Methods | -CO2 commonly used, gas tank w/ flow gauge -inhalant anesthetic overdose -barbiturates -under anesthesia (exsanguination/KCl injection) -decapitation (under special circumstances. |
| Mycoplasma pulmonis | bacterial disease, the causative agent of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis, transmitted by direct contact, usually subclinical and slowly progressive. |
| Mycoplasma pulmonis (CS) | CS: only seen in advanced stages: serous or catarrhal nasal and ocular discharge, snuffling sounds, labored breathing, wt loss, hunched posture, rough haircoat. |
| Mycoplasma pulmonis (Dx + Tx) | Dx: hx, clinical findings, isolation of M. pulmonis, ELISA test for colony screening, PCR, culture/sensitivity to determine tx. Tx: Oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline in drinking water |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | bacteria that rarely causes disease, many carry it asymptomatically, dz outbreaks can occur following stress. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS: serosanguinous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, snuffling respiratory sound, dyspnea Dx: Seropurulent and fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis Tx: Penicillin SQ, Oxytetracycline in drinking water. |
| Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus | bacterial disease, opportunistic invader of respiratory tract, asymptomatic but lifelong infection, transmission by direct contact. |
| Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (Dx + Tx) | Dx: ELISA or PCR tests can be used to screen colonies Histologic using modified Steiner silver stain (CAR bacillus found between and parallel to cilia of respiratory epithelium). Tx: none effective |
| Pasteurella pneumotropica | Opportunistic pathogen secondary to other agents, associated with the nasopharynx/cecum/vagina/uterus/conjunctiva, transmission by direct contact, most animals are asymptomatic, enrofloxacin (Baytril) to control CS's, animal will always be a carrier. |
| Tyzzer’s Disease | Causative agent is Clostridium piliforme, disease most likely in weanlings, transmission is fecal-oral spread of spores |
| Tyzzer's Disease (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS: diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia Dx: histology (miliary, pale foci throughout the liver Tx: Oxytetracycline to suppress epizootic episodes |
| Staphylococcus aureus | bacterial dz that causes a variety of leions, treated w/ toenail trimmings to stop self-mutilation/scratching, sanitation, and topical antibiotics. |
| Corynebacterium kutscheri | Latent or subclinical infection Stress can elicit subacute respiratory disease Transmission by direct contact Diagnosis by culture of submandibular lymph nodes Sensitive to wide variety of antibiotics |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Common commensal organism. Usually not pathogenic in healthy animals. Animals may become septicemic following experimental manipulations that compromise immune function. Chlorination or acidification of drinking water to reduce introduction of organism |
| Salmonella | uncommon bacterial disease in well-managed facilities |
| Streptobacillus moniliformis | low pathogenicity for rats, etiologic agent for zoonotic disease rat-bite fever. |
| Mycotic | infection or disease caused by fungus |
| Pneumocystis carinii | mycotic dz, airborne pathogen, one of the most common diseases of lab rats, induces pneumonia in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent rats. Lesions originally attributed to Rat Respiratory Virus |
| Pneumocystis carinii (Dx + Tx) | Dx: necropsy and histology, serology, PCR performed on lung tissue Tx: Trimethroprim-sulfa used to suppress dz, no tx completely eliminates the organism. |
| Coronaviruses | common in pet and conventionally housed rat colonies, highly contagious, direct contact, aerosol, fomites. Causes inflammation of salivary and lacrimal glands. Includes SDAV and RCV types. |
| Coronaviruses (CS + Tx) | CS; affected rats usually remain active and eat, some asymptomatic, viral shedding lasts about one week Tx: Tx is not indicated unless keratitis or corneal ulceration is present. Develop immunity and are not persistently infected. |
| Parvoviruses | most prevalent infectious agents of contemporary laboratory facilities. Predilection for actively dividing cells. Transmission by direct contact/air. Associated w/ immune suppression. Includes: RV, RPV, RMV, H-1 virus |
| Parvoviruses (Dx and infection control) | Dx: ELISA w/ IFA serology screening of sentinels, PCR of infected tissues & biologics. infection control: depopulation/cesarean rederivation or embryo transfer, can persist in environmental for months/years, environmental decontamination. |
| Hantaviruses | wild rodents are a reservoir host, virus shed in saliva/urine/feces, transmitted by bites/air/direct contact, zoonotic potential, prevent wild rodent colonization and screen wild rats. |
| Infectious Diarrhea of Infant Rats (IDIR) | known as rat rotavirus, dz of suckling rats (<2 weeks of age) CS: Soft yellow feces, usually continue to nurse, but stunted growth Transfer exists with humans, no tx other than supportive care. Controlled by: depopulation + rederivation |
| Radfordia ensifera | the fur mites of rats |
| Ornithonyssus bacoti | blood sucking tropical mite that has zoonotic potential. Can transmit Q fever, plague, Hantaan viruses, western equine enchephalitis to humans. |
| Mites (Tx) | Tx: -Topical ivermectin -Permethrin dusts or cotton balls embedded with permethrin -Moxidectin |
| Pinworms (Dx, Tx) | Dx: Syphacia - cellophane tape test of perianal region Aspicularis- fecal exam and exam of cecal and colon contents at necropsy for adult worms. Tx: Ivermectin, fenbendazole, piperazine, doramectin |
| Lice (Polyplax spinulosa) | common in wild rats, causes skin irritation, anemia, debilitation, can transmit blood parasite Mycoplasma haemomuris. Tx: Ivermectin, Permethrin dust |
| Rodentolepis nana | the dwarf tapeworm, has zoonotic potential. |
| Hymenolepis diminuta | the rat tapeworm |
| Tapeworms | includes Rodentolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta. Pathogenic only with heavy infections, dx by fecal or necropsy, treated w/ Praziquantel or Thiabendazole. |
| Flagellates | clinical disease most likely to occur in young or immunosuppressed animals, includes Spironucleus muris and Giargia muris. Control by good sanitation. Tx: Metronidazole (Spironucleus and Giardia) Mebendazole, albendazole, fenbendazole (Giardia) |
| Urinary Bladder Worm | "Trichosomoides crassicauda," no clinical significance, associated w/ urolith formation and bladder cancer, tx w/ ivermectin. |
| Mammary Tumors | very common in most stocks of rats, can occur over wide area of body and reach large sizes. Commonly benign fibroadenomas. |
| SLIDE 71 |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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