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22 & 23
Organic Chemistry+Organic Families+Natural Organics+Organic Reactions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does IUPAC stand for? | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
| What are the 2 parts of an Organic compounds name called? | Prefix and Suffix |
| Homologous Series | An homologous series is a family of compounds that share a general formula, graduated properties and differ by a CH2 group |
| Isomer | An isomer is a compound with the same chemical formula but a different structural one |
| What is the third member of the alkene family? | Butene |
| Aliphatic Compound | An aliphatic compound is a straight chain or ring compound that does not contain benzene |
| Aromatic | An aromatic compound is a compound that contains benzene |
| Who discovered Benzene? | Michael Faraday |
| What does TNT stand for? | Tri-Nitro-Toluene |
| Saturated | A saturated molecule has no available bonds left |
| Unsaturated | An unsaturated molecule has at least one double or triple bond present |
| One physical property of Ethene | Sweet smell, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, burns with a luminous flame to produce CO2 |
| Colour change for Ethene and Acidified Potassium Permanganate? | Purple to colourless |
| Colour change for Ethene and Bromine? | Brown to colourless |
| White powder used to make Ethene? | Alluminium Oxide |
| The manufacture of Ethene is what type of chemical reaction? | Elimination (dehydration) |
| Uses for Ethene | MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS AND POLYMERS. Also used to ripen fruit |
| One physical property of Ethyne | Pungent smell, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, burns with a smoky flame to produce CO2 |
| Grey gravel like solid used to make Ethyne | Calcium Carbide |
| 3 impurities in Calcium Carbide and the gases they produce | Calcium Suphate - Hydrogen Suphide. Calcium Phosphate - Phosphine. Calcium Nitrate - Ammonia. |
| 1 use for Ethyne, name of gas created | Cutting and welding steel, oxy-acetylene |
| Tetrahedral Carbon | Carbon bonded to 4 separate atoms, eg Methane |
| Planar Carbon | A carbon with a double or triple bond attached |
| Carbonyl Groups | A molecule with a C=O |
| Comment on the boiling point of Carbonyl Groups | Higher than corresponding alkanes but not as high as corresponding alcohols due to the fact that they cannot create Hydrogen bonds. |
| Primary, Secondary and tertiary alcohol | Primary: Functional group attached to one other carbon Secondary: Functional group attached to 2 other carbons Tertiary: Functional group attached to 3 other carbons |
| Physical Properties of Alcohols | Higher boiling point than expected, pleasant smell, dissolves in both water and organic solvents |
| Uses for alcohols | Fuel, used in paints and polishes as a solvent, present in beers and spirits |
| Compounds used to oxidise Ethanol | Sodium Dichromate and Sulphuric Acid |
| Colour chajnge during the oxidation of ethanol | Orange to green as Cr is reduced from Cr+6 to Cr+3 |
| Excess ethanol and limited sodium dichromate crerates: | Ethanal |
| Excess sodium dichromate and limited ethanol creates: | Ethanoic Acid |
| What happens the polarity of alcohols as they get longer? | Their polarity decreases as the long non polar chain cancels out the small polar functional group |
| Physical properties of ethanal | Colourless liquid with a pleasant smell, boiling point of 21 degrees |
| 2 precautions when to ensure manufacture of ethanal | Use excess ethanol and limited sodium dichromate, Distill off ethanal as soon as it is formed |
| 4 tests for Aldehydes in order of importance | Silver mirror test, Fehlings Solution, Acidified Potassium Permanganatre, Schiffs reagent. |
| Silver Mirror Test: Reagent used, positive colour change | Ammonical Silver Nitrate, heat but do not boil, silver mirror formed. |
| Fehlings Solution, positive colour change? | Fehlings I and II, heat but do not boil, blue to brick red precipitate |
| Acidified Potassium Permanganate, positive colour change | Purple to colourless |
| What is benzaldehyde used for? | Food additive used in almonds, marzipan and cherries |
| Difference between Aldehydes and Ketones? | Aldehydes have their functional group on a terminal Carbon, Ketones have theirs in the middle |
| Simplest Ketone? | Propanone (Acetone) |
| What reagent is used to make Ketones instead of Aldehyes? | Secondary Alcohol instead of primary alcohol (Propan-2-ol instead of ethanol) |
| Carboxylic acids found in ant bites | Methanoic Acid (formic acid) |
| What is unusual about the combustion of Ethanoic Acid? | It only burns in vapor form |
| Physical properties of ethanoic acid | Colourless liquid with a pungent smell, boiling point 118 due to Hydrogen Bonds, mixes with organic liquids and water, used as a food preservative |
| Ethanoic Acid + Metal > | Salt + Hydrogen |
| From what 2 chemicals is benzoic acid made? | Ethanoic Acid and Benzene |
| What is the purpose of reflux apparatus | 1: To ensure the complete oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid 2: To ensure no loss of vapor |
| Why is the beaker surrounding the reaction flask cold at the start of the reflux? | The reaction is exothermic, the cold water ensures the reaction does not become too vigorous. |
| Ethanoic Acid + Base > | Salt + Water |
| Ethanoic Acid + Carbonate > | Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide |
| What is the simplest ester? | Methyl methanoate |
| What are naturally occurring made from? | An alcohol called glycerol and a long chain carboxylic acid |
| What is the naturally occurring ester used to make soap? | Glyceryl Tristearate |
| What is the alternative name for saponification? | The base hydolysis of esters as concentrated Sodium Hydroxide is used in the reaction |
| Name an important by product of the manufacture of soap? | Glycerol, which can be used to make nitro glycerine, an important explosive |
| Why is the ethanol distilled off after the soap has been made? | Ethanol is an irritant that cannot be left in the soap. |
| How is the Sodium Hydroxide removed from the soap solution? | The soap solution is rinsed with a brine solution (high salt concentration). The sodium hydroxide will dissolve in the salt water but the soap will not. |
| What are the 3 reactants used to make soap? | Lard/Fat, Sodium Hydroxide and Ethanol |
| Why is ethanol added to the reaction flask in the making of soap? | Ethanol acts as a solvent in the reaction |
| How does soap remove oil dirt and grease? | Soap consists of a long chain non-polar tail with a short polar head. The non polar chain is attracted to non polar oil and grease. Water which is polar then pulls away the polar head, taking the non-polar tail and oil.grease with it. |
| Physical properties of esters? | 1: Colourless liquid with a fruity smell 2: Slightly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents 3: Low boiling point as they cannot form Hydrogen bonds, however the shorter chain esters can form them with water. 4: Found in flowers and fruits |
| Examples of naturally occurring organic molecules? | Morphine for pain relief, quinine for malaria prevention, penicillin, aspirin, paracetamol and ibuprofen. Vanilla, benzaldehyde and caffeine for food flavourings. Narcotics like opium, cocaine and heroine. |
| What is clove oil used for? | Used in beef flavourings, ham, sausages and sweets. It also has antiseptic properties and is used in perfumes and soaps. |
| Chemical name for clove oil? | Eugenol |
| Why is steam distillation used to remove the clove oil? | The mixture of water and oil distills the eugenol above the boiling point of the water but below the boiling point of the oil. |
| What is an emulsion? | An emulsion is a mixture of oil droplets in water. |
| How do we extract the oil from the emulsion? | We use solvent extraction. Adding an organic solvent like cyclohexane allows the eugenol to dissolve. The organic solvent and water can now be separated using a tap funnel. The cyclohexane can now be evaporated leaving the eugenol behind. |
| What is a substitution reaction? | A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. |
| What is a photochemical reaction? | A photochemical reaction requires UV light to be completed. |
| What are the 3 steps in the substitution reaction between Chlorine and Methane | Initiation, Propagation and Termination |
| What is homolytic fission? | Homolytic fission is when a bond breaks in such a way that both atoms keep one of the electrons from the bond |
| How do we know that the substitution reaction between Chlorine and Methane is a photochemical reaction? | It will not occur in the dark |
| What is a free radical? | A free radical is an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron. |
| What free radical is formed during the propagation stage of the substitution reaction between Chlorine and Methane? | Methyl free radcal |
| What are the 3 possible outcomes of the termination stage of the substitution reaction between Chlorine and Methane? | 1: Two Chlorine free radicals bond to form a Chlorine molecule 2: A Chlorine and a Methyl free radical bond to form a chloromethane molecule. 3: Two methyl free radicals bond to form ethane. |
| What happens in the substitution reaction between Chlorine and Methane if we add tetramethyl lead to the reaction? | There is an increase in the rate of reaction as tetramethyl lead decomposes to form methyl free radicals |
| Alternative name for the substitution reaction between Chlorine and Methane? | Free radical substitution reaction |
| What are fully halogenated alkanes used for? | They are fire resistant and are added to other compounds to make them flame resistant also. |
| What fully halogenated alkane has had a dangerous reaction with the environment | CFCs are halogenated alkanes. They can damage the Ozone layer. They have since been replaced with Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbons (HCFCs) |
| What is an addition reaction? | An addition reaction is one in which two substance react together to form a single substance? |
| What is a common industrial use of addition reactions? | Liquid oils are solidified by breaking open some of the double bonds and adding hydrogen. This is known as Hydrogenation. The amount of Hydrogen added determined the hardness of the material like butter. |
| Is the addition of Ethene and Bromine a photochemical reaction? | No, it can occur in the dark |
| What is heterolytic fission? | This is the breaking of a bond where one atom gets both electrons. |
| What ion is formed when a Bromine free radical bonds with the Ethene? | Carbonium Ion |
| Alternative name for the addition reaction of ethene and bromine? | Ionic addition reaction as it involves the addition of ions. |
| What is an elimination reaction? | An elimination reaction is one in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule to leave a double bond in the large molecule. |
| What is the name for an elimination reaction where water is the molecule removed? | Dehydration reaction |
| Give an example of an elimination reaction? | Ethene is produced by the elimination of water from ethanol. |
| What is a polymerisation reaction? | The manufacture of polymers by the joining together of many small molecules called monomers. |
| Give an example of a polymer and its monomer? | Ethene is a monomer used to create polyethene |
| How is PVC created? | Cl gas is reacted with ethene to create the monomer chloroethene. This monomer is then used to create Poly Vinyl Chloride. |
| Uses for polythene? | Polythene is used in the manufacture of plastic bags, bowls, lunch boxes, food wrapping, washing up liquid bottles and buckets |
Created by:
Ms O'Farrell
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