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Intro of Pharm
Chapter 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the medication effects? | local and systemic |
| local effects | site of application or contact, such as irritation on the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract. |
| systemic effects | occurs in the location distant from the point of contact, such as liver, CNS, and kidney (mainly used) |
| What are the drug classification's characteristics? | - specific body systems - therapeutic uses - chemical characteristics |
| Prototypes | Class or the group of drugs (first drug of a particular group to be developed). ex) Morphine (Prototype: opioid analgesics) |
| What are the most common drug names? | generic name and trade/brand name |
| What is the difference between generic and trade/brand name? | brand/trade name is made by the manufacturer, and generic name is independent of the manufacturer and is cheaper than trade. |
| Schedule I | no medical use and most dangerous drugs, such as heroin and ecstasy |
| Schedule II | used medically and have high abuse potentials, such as opioid analgesics (codeine, morphine, oxycodone) and barbiturate (pentobarbital) |
| Schedule III | less with potential abuse. It can lead to psychological or physical dependence. (steroids, depressants, some CNS stimulants, and small amounts of controlled substances (codeine) |
| Schedule IV | drugs with an accepted medical use in the US but with some potential abuse, such as benzodiazepines and appetite suppressants |
| Schedule V | SAFE drug (cough suppressants and antidiarrheal drugs) |
| FDA | safety procedure before they can be marketed |
| Cell functions | - exchange materials - reproduce - communicate - energy |
| Pharmacokinetics process: | - absorption - distribution - metabolism - excretion |
| Factors of drug absorption: | - dosage form - site of blood flow ( GI function) - presence of food or other drugs |
| What is the distribution process? | drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to the action sites, metabolism sites, and excretion sites |
| What is the metabolic process? | drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body |
| Where do drug-metabolizing enzymes are located within | - kidneys -liver - RBCs, plasma - lungs - gastrointestinal mucosa |
| What does distribution process affected by? | - protein-binding - blood brain barrier - lactation -pregnancy |
| What factors affect drug metabolism? | - enzyme induction - enzyme inhibition |
| T / F: rapid metabolism does not increase the the production of toxic metabolites with some drugs | FALSE |
| what does enzyme induction do during drug metabolism? | It accelerates drug metabolism because larger amounts of enzymes allow larger amounts of a drug to be metabolized. |
| What does enzyme inhibition during the metabolism drug? | It occurs when two or more drugs compete for the same metabolizing enzymes at the same time. |
| T / F: Does smaller doses help with slowly metabolizing the drug in order to avoid the side effects and toxicity. | TRUE |
| When does drug metabolism slowly occur? | - infants (hepatic enzyme system is immature) - severe liver and heart disease - malnourished diets |
| Pre-systemic metabolism ( first-pass effect) | drugs gets absorbed via in the GIT are circulated to the liver first in the hepatic portal vein |
| Which organs causes most excretion and least excretion? | Kidneys, bladder, and bowel has the most excretion. Skin has the least amount of excretion. |
| What does serum drug level reflects on? | - dosage, absorption - bioavailability, half-life - rate of metabolism, excretion |
| What causes toxic concentration in the bloodstream? | - single large dose - repeated small doses - slow metabolism of medication |
| T / F: Is Antacid ( Alka-Seltzer) considers a nonreceptor drug? | TRUE |
| What are the variables between drug-related and patient-related? | patient-related: - age - ethnicity - weight - psychological considerations - pathologic conditions - pharmacogenetics drug- related: - dosage - route of administration - drug-diet interactions - drug-drug interactions |
| Certain interaction may yield a decrease in drug effect, such as... | - increased metabolism - decreased intestinal absorption - antidote medication administration |
| tolerance | body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger doses must be given to produce the same effects |
| cross-tolerance | tolerance to pharmacologically related drugs |
| Why are Mg/ AI / Ca and Tetracycline does not interact well? | It lowers absorption and antibiotic effects |
| Why is grapefruit juice does not interact well with any drugs? | Lowers metabolism and raises blood lvl of drugs |
| Why is vitamin k rich foods and warfarin does not interact well | antagonist and lowers warfarin effect |
| Why tyramine-rich food and MAO does not interact well? | vasoconstriction and hypertension/hemorrhage |
| What causes adverse effects? | - occur with usual therapeutic dosing - high dosage - polypharmacy *usually occur w/ elders* |
| What is the main goals for treating drug overdose patients? | - treatment soon after ingestion - supporting and stabilizing vital function - preventing further damage , such as reducing absorption, increasing elimination, administering antidotes |
Created by:
jpaek6
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