Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
B1 Anemia Stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the mnemonic CADET face Right. | CO2, Acid/Altitude, DPG, Exercise, Temperature all lower Hb O2 affinity causing a R shift. |
| 2,3-BPG __ the oxygen affinity of Hb by binding to the __ form of Hb (stabilizing the __ conformation). | DECREASES, DEOXY, TAUT |
| HbF has __ affinity for O2 than adult Hb b/c it only __ binds 2,3-BPG. This is so the RBCs can __ O2 as they go through the placenta & not be influenced by small [change]. | MORE, LOOSELY, HANG ON TO |
| Elevated 2,3-DPG levels in __ lower O2 affinity for Hb, permitting greater __ in capillaries of the tissues | TISSUES, UNLOADING OF O2 |
| The __ affinity of Hb for O2 when bound to 2,3 DPG allows Hb to __ O2 efficiently at the __ found in the tissues. | REDUCED, RELEASE, PARTIAL PRESSURES |
| W/o sufficient levels of 2,3 DPG Hb can act as an __. HbF binds __ to 2,3 DPG so that it can __ O2 until it gets to the fetus | O2 TRAP, ONLY WEAKLY, HANG ON TO |
| Small amount of CO2 is transported in the blood as __. It binds to the __ chain of Hb & stabilizes the __ form which __ affinity for oxygen. | CARBAMATE, ALPHA, T, DECREASES |
| CO binds to one of the __ and __ Hb affinity for O2 (__). This changes the shape of the __ so it looks more like __. | HEME GROUPS, INCREASES, (TRAPS IT), DISSOCIATION CURVE, MYOGLOBIN |
| Heme-Heme Interactions are seen in the __ shape of the dissociation curve. Refers to the effects one heme group can have on another. Last O2 binds with about __ the affinity than the first. | SIGMOIDAL, 300x |
| __ binding allows more O2 delivery in tissues. Very small changes in pO2 can greatly affect __. High pO2 in lungs facilitates __ of oxygen. Low pO2 in peripheral tissues facilitates __. These interaxns allow for O2 to load & unload at right time & place. | COOPERATIVE, SATURATION, LOADING |
| O2 Dissoc. Curve: plot of __ (horizontal) vs __ (vertical). The __ shape shows that subunits __ in O2 binding. O2 binding at 1 subunit __ affinity at others. It's hard for the __ O2 molec to bind, but __ after that. R shift = __ O2sat. L shift = __ O2sat. | pO2, % SATURATION, SIGMOIDAL, COOPERATE, INCREASES, FIRST, EASIER, DECREASED, INCREASED |
| Anything causing decreased __ can lead to Sickle Cell exacerbation, which means anything causing a __ shift. This includes: __, __, __, __, __ (Mnemonic: SCA exacerbation makes the pt DEBIL). | pO2, RIGHT, DEHYDRATION, EXCESSIVE EXERCISE, BLOOD LOSS, INFECTION, LOW O2 (or hypoventilation) |
| Palliative care for SCA exacerbation: __ thru nasal cannula (“__”), replenish __ & __, & increase __. | O2, “HYPERVENTILATION”, FLUIDS, RBCs, HbF |
| What effect does 2,3-DPG have on a SCA pt? | Decreases O2 affinity -> sickling. |
| The Hb S mutation causes the substitution of a __ for a __ residue, which forms a __ on the __ that fits into a complementary site on the __ of another Hb molecule w/in the same RBC. | NONPOLAR VALINE, CHARGED GLUTAMATE, PROTRUSION, BETA-GLOBIN, ALPHA-CHAIN |
| At low pO2, HbS __ inside RBCs, 1st forming a __, then subsequently assembling into a network of __ that __ & __ the cell, producing rigid misshapen __. | POLYMERIZES, GEL, FIBROUS POLYMERS, STIFFEN, DISTORT, RBCs |
| Sickled cells frequently __ the flow of blood in __ by sticking to __ & the __ – this initiates __, bringing in even more __. This interruption in the supply of O¬2 leads to __ in tissue, causing __, & eventually death (__) of cells in the vicinity. | BLOCK, NARROW CAPILLARIES, THEMSELVES, ENDOTHELIUM, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, CELLS, LOCALIZED ANOXIA, PAIN, INFARCTION |
| __ is the gold standard for increasing HbF. Other things that help but haven’t been widely studied inc: __, __, __, __. | HYDROXYUREA, EPO, NO, FOLATE, BUTYRATE |
| The study of the deformation & flow of matter. | RHEOLOGY |
| Hydroxyurea 1st used to __. As a myelosuppressive agent, it's possible that __ improve blood rheology & => reduced __. Also possible that reduced __, improved __, or __ may help. These hypotheses came w/ discovery that correlation btn __ & __ kinda poor. | INCREASE HbF, REDUCED LEUKOCYTE CTS, PRO-INFLAMM CYTOKINES, RBC-ENDOTHELIAL INTERAXNS, RBC RHEOLOGY, NO RELEASE, HbF LEVELS, CLINICAL EFFECT |
| SCA exacerbation TX: adequate __, __, aggressive __ if infexn present, inhaled __ (vasodilator) & __ if high risk of vaso-occlusion. Intermittent __ w/ __ reduce risk of stroke. Weigh benefits w/ complications like __ (__), __, & __. | HYDRATION, ANALGESICS, ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY, NO, TRANSFUSIONS, TRANSFUSIONS, PACKED RBCs, HEMOSIDEROSIS (IRON OVERLOAD), BLOOD-BORNE INFEXNS, IMMUNOLOGIC COMPLICATIONS |
| Hydroxyurea __frequency of painful crises & reduces __. __HbF -> __ sickling (interferes w/ __). It might also preferentially enhance gene transcription of the __. | DECREASES, MORTALITY, INCREASED, DECREASED, POLYMERIZATION, GAMMA CHAINS |
| Butyrate increases __ & efficiency of translation of __. It may lead to __ in formation of HbF. | HbF, GAMMA-GLOBIN mRNA, POST-TRANSLATIONAL PREFERENCE |
| Recombinant form of Human EPO __. Combine w/ __ for best results. Mg2+ Pidolate & Clotrimazole treatment for SCA exacerbation is in development. It’s proposed effect is to prevent __ & __ loss from RBCs → prevent RBC __. | INCREASES HbF, HYDROXYUREA, K+, Cl-, DEHYDRATION |
| In anemia the spleen may be enlarged d/t __ b/c they have a __. In CML it could mean that the spleen has __ some __ b/c BM is pumping out too many __. | SEQUESTERED RBCs, SHORT LIFESPAN, TAKEN OVER, RBC FORMATION, RBC PRECURSORS |
| The spleen functions to maintain __ of RBCs in the __ by removal of __ & __ RBCs. It also removes Ab-coated __ & Ab-coated __ from circulation. Ab synthesis occurs in the __. __ can result from an increase in these normal functions. | QUALITY, RED PULP, SENESCENT, DEFECTIVE, BACTERIA, BLOOD CELLS, WHITE PULP, SPLENOMEGALY |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia: normal __, __cytic, __chromic – __serum iron, __TIBC, __ferritin. Hemolytic Anemia: __ serum bilirubin, __ reticulocytes (pumping out more to make up for __). Blood loss: __cytic, __chromic | |
| __ deficiency. | SHAPES, MICRO, HYPO, LOW, HIGH, LOW, HIGH, HIGH, HEMOLYSIS, MICRO, HYPO, IRON |
| RBCs of different sizes. | ANISOCYTOSIS |
| RBCs of different shapes. | POIKILOCYTOSIS |
| As a group __ are the most common single gene disorder in humans. They’re caused by imbalance in __ synthesis | THALASSEMIAS, GLOBIN CHAIN |
| Normally, α- & ß-globin chain synth is __ so ea has a __ to form __ (__). In thalassemias, synthesis of either __ or __ is defective. | COORDINATED, PARTNER, α2ß2 (HbA), ALPHA, BETA CHAIN |
| αo- or ßo-thalassemia | No globin of that type produced. |
| α+- or ß+-thalassemia | Reduced production |
| In α-Thalassemia there are __ α-globin genes (__ on ea chromosome __). The α-globin chain is __ (b/c of btn __ bad genes) w/ no __ of any other chains. | 4, 2, 16, UNDERPRODUCED, 1-4, COMPENSATORY INCREASE |
| Silent carriers of α-Thalassemia lack __ & have __. Patients with α-thalassemia trait lack __. | 1 α-GLOBIN GENE, NO PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS, 2 α-GLOBIN GENES |
| Pts w/ thalassemia type HbH have __ & lack__. This is a __ hemolytic anemia. The Hb has very high__, so it’s almost useless in __. | ß4-TETRAMERS, 3 α-GLOBIN GENES, MILD-MODERATE, O2 AFFINITY, O2 DELIVERY |
| Hb Barts pts have__ & lack__. This results in __ & intrauterine fetal death. | γ4-TETRAMERS, ALL 4 α-GLOBIN GENES, HYDROPS FETALIS, INTRAUTERINE FETAL DEATH |
| α-Thalassemia is prevalent in __ & __. ß-Thalassemia is prevalent in __ populations. | ASIA, AFRICA, MEDITERRANEAN |
| In ß-Thalassemia, there are only __ copies of ß-globin gene in ea cell (__ on ea chrom __). α-globin chains can’t form stable __ so they __ & __. α2γ2 (__) & γ4 (__) also occurs. | 2, 1, 11, TETRAMERS, PRECIPITATE, DIE PREMATURELY, HbF, Hb Bart’s |
| in ß-Thalassemia minor/trait (__), the ß chain is __. __. | HETEROZYGOTE, UNDERPRODUCED, NO SPEC TX REQ’D |
| In ß-Thalassemia major (__), the ß chain is __. Physical manifestations appear __ b/c ß-globin gene is __. ß-Thalassemia major pts are __ at birth, but soon __ req’s __. | HOMOZYGOTE, ABSENT, AFTER BIRTH, NOT EXPRESSED UNTIL LATE GESTATION, SEEMINGLY NORMAL, SEVERE ANEMIA, REGULAR TRANSFUSIONS |
| Regular transfusions cause __ – death @ __yrs. Cardiac failure due to __. __ -> skeletal deformities. __ as transfusion alternative has helped extend life. In both cases, HbF production is compensatorily increased but is inadequate. | HEMOSIDEROSIS, 15-25, 2o HEMOCHROMATOSIS, MARROW EXPANSION, BM TRANSPLANTS |
| HbS/ ß-Thalassemia has __ disease this is b/c thalassemia __ globin synthesis -> limited __. | MILD-MODERATE, DECREASES, MCHC |
| Loss of blood =__, __ = Fe deficiency. Main cause of microcytic anemias is __ from __. You’ll see decreased serum __ & __, & increased __. Thalassemia is also __, but you’ll see __. __ & __ anemias are also microcytic. | MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC, Fe DEFICIENCY, BLOOD LOSS, IRON, FERRITIN, TIBC, MICROCYTIC, TGT CELLS, LEAD POISONING, SIDEROBLASTIC |
| Under physiologic conditions, HbA is slowly & nonenzymatically __, the extent of which is dependent on the [plasma] of __. __ is the most abundant form of __ Hb. | GLYCOSYLATED, A PARTICULAR HEXOSE, HbA1c, GLYCOSYLATED |
| HbA1c has glucose residues attached predominantly to the __groups of the __ of the beta-globin chains. Increased amts of HbA1c are found in __ b/c their HbA has contact w/ higher __ during the __ day lifetime. | NH2, N-TERMINAL VALINES, RBCs of DM PTS, [GLUCOSE], 120 |
Created by:
16813610
Popular USMLE sets