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Literary Criticism
Lit Crit Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alan Sinfield (queer theorist) | sexuality is a faultline, subcultures are power bases. |
| Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick | Homosocial Desire, power works through the hetero/homo axis. Between Men (1985). Women are instruments to confirm male relationships. |
| Judith Butler | Gender Trouble (1990). Heterosexuality is built on the repression of homosexuality. Homo is primary, identity based on attraction to sameness and then melancholic repression of said desire. |
| Edward Said (Post Colonial Theory) | Orientalism |
| Homi Kharshedji Bhabha (Post Colonial Theory) | mimicry: hybridity: double consciousness: colonized peoples have a double perspective on culture (positive) |
| W. E. B. Du Bois (Post Colonial Theory) | Double Consciousness (negative, painful) |
| Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Post Colonial Theory) | subaltern: the poorest, those who cannot represent themselves (women esp.) |
| Alan Sinfield (1941 – 2017) | sexuality is a faultline. Faultlines create dissident potential. English theorist in the fields of Shakespeare and sexuality, modern theatre, gender studies, queer theory, queer studies, post-1945 politics and cultural theory. |
| Homi Kharshedji Bhabha (1949 – ) | Indian English scholar and critical theorist. One of the most important figures in contemporary postcolonial studies, has developed a number of the field's neologisms and key concepts: hybridity, mimicry, difference, and ambivalence. |
| William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868 – 1963) | The Souls of Black Folk, Black Reconstruction in America. American sociologist, socialist, historian and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. One of the founders of the NAACP in 1909. Popularized "color-line." |
| Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1942 – ) | Indian scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic. )ne of the most influential postcolonial intellectuals, best known for essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" |
| New Historicism | American. Althusser. (John Branningan): "A mode of criticism [that] treats literary texts as a space where power relations are made visible" (Bertens 157). |
| Cultural Materialism | British. Gramschi. |
| Raymond Williams (1921-88) (cultural studies) | Marxist Critic. Hegemony is not singular, is is continually challenged and modified. Marxist critics who follow him (such as cultural materialists) see literature as a vehicle for ideology, but are attentive to the dissenting voices presented in lit. |
| Claude Levi-Strauss (French Structuralists) | Anthropological structuralism (indebted to Saussurean concept of language as a sign system governed by difference): signs function because they are different from each other; meaning is the product of difference. |
| Ferdinand de Sassure (1857-1913) (French Structuralists) | Structualism has its origin in this Swiss linguist. Ahistorical, abstract approach to how language works. Language is a system of signs. Words function in a system of difference. |
| Claude Bremond (French Structuralists) | (++-) structure of narrative; virtuality, actualization, realization (59). |
| Gerard Genette (French Structuralists) | Narratology, the way a story is told, the underlying structures that make meaning possible. The goal of narratology is to discover a model of narration that covers all possible ways that stories can be told/enable production of meaning. |
| Roland Barthes (1915-80) (French Structuralists) | Culture is a language. Applied structuralist analysis to (boxing, detergents, striptease)--cultural phenomena. |
| Victor Shklovsky (Russian Formalists) | Literature lets us “recover the sensation of life.” |
| Boris Eichenbaum (Russian Formalists) | the study of literature is a self-formed social phenomena. Defamiliarization creates new genres. |
| Pierre Macherey (Political Reading) | Repression. The Text Says What It Does Not Say; to expose ideology, interpretation focuses on what the text represses rather than expresses (found in gaps, disparities, conflict of meaning). Lit reveals the vulnerability of ideology (78). |
| Mikhail Bakhtin (Political Reading) | Dialogic, the novel is inherently plural, it always presents a plurality of 'voices.' Natural language is not a unity but a number of social dialects, characteristics, jargons, etc. |
| Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) (Political Reading) | Hegemony. Italian Marxist. Ideology is spontaneous consent given by the masses to the direction imposed on social life by the dominant group. Ideology allows us to resist hegemony: the domination of ruling beliefs. |
| Louis Althusser (1918-90) (Political Reading) | Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence. Inescapable. Ideology works through ideological State apparatuses, organized religion, law, educational system, etc. (72). |
| Audre Lorde 1934 - 1992 | American writer, feminist, womanist, librarian, and civil rights activist. Self-described "black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet." |
| Lorde (quote) | I am defined as other in every group I'm part of... the outsider, both strength and weakness. Yet without community there is certainly no liberation, no future, only the most vulnerable and temporary armistice between me and my oppression. |
| Lorde (terms) | Mythical norm (that is not me) Surplus people (dehumanized inferior) |
| Derrida "Language creates meaning through" | infinite interactions between words (deferral) - never fixed or trustworthy - the freeplay momentarily interrupted by interpretation. |
| Différance | difference + deferral of meaning |
| Deferral | words and signs can never fully summon forth what they mean, but can only be defined through appeal to additional words, from which they differ |
| Difference (sometimes referred to as espacement or "spacing") | the force that differentiates elements from one another, and in so doing engenders binary oppositions and hierarchies that underpin meaning itself. |
| Logocentrism | (misguided) faith in language & our perception |
| Equivocality | having many meanings at once |
| Deconstruction | reading practice revealing constructs / binary oppositions. |
| Fouccult (1926-84) | New sciences are repressive, seemingly objective knowledge (i.e. vocabularies, diagnostic terms) encourage self-surveillance. Power is not a binary division but a distribution through many channels (125). Panopticon prison. |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | Everything radiates from the center until awareness breaks through. Sever sense of loss produces desire (132). Desire is suppressed by the unconscious, which slips through in figurative language. Displacement. |
| Helene Cixous (1937) | The Laugh of the Medusa. There is an intrinsic bond between the literary/philosophical and the phallocentric (132). Radically subversive writing is 'female', 'feminine'. |
| Julia Kristeva (1941) | Symbolic (meaning the text carries) semiotic (Lacan's imaginary; language that is feminine, sound, unconscious, direct). What has been repressed finds its way into language that is not fully under control of the speaker or writer (140). |
| Jacques Lacan (1901-80) | From the Imaginary a child enters the Symbolic by accepting language and limitations. The phallus is not a biological but cultural power. Identity is linguistic, interactive, using others, words. Separation from the Real creates desire. (136). |
| Imaginary --> Mirror --> Symbolic | Lacan's identity process |
| Post structuralists | Reject social conditioning, seek out marginalized characters, authors. Read for the unconscious coming through, power dynamics, discourse/reverse discourse/counter-discourse. |
| Viktor Shklovsky | Defamilarization, "Art of Technique" lit makes the stone stonier. Literature lets us “recover the sensation of life.” |
| Roman Jakobson | Founder of Russian formalism, poetry has an orientation towards its own form (50). Poetry is created by selections on an axis of meaning & axis of combination. |
| Borris Tomashevski | Fabula (what happened) Syuzhet (de-familiarizing techniques in the text). |
| Boris Eichenbaum | Defamiliarization creates new genres. Literature is a self formed social phenom. Lit is not divorced from its time, it is natural. |
| Vladimir Propp | Studies structure of folktales. The Morphology of the Folk Tale (1928). |
| Russian Formalists | Fresh, strange or defamiliarizing devices, poetry that draws attention to its artificiality. What is literariness? What is familiar? Why is something literary and not just text? How does this text operate? |
| Matthew Arnold | Founder, New Critic. Literature is the best of what has been thought and said. |
| FR Leavis | Novels are also literature. |
| Cleanth Brooks | Paradox is the language of poetry. |
| IA Richards | Studied poems without context. |
| Donna Harraway | We are in a knot of species coshaping one another in layers of reciprocating complexity. Companion: dog, symbiotic bacteria. Modest witness: meets the object of research w/respect. Cyborg: cybernetic + organic. We are not superior but entangled. |
| Lawrence Buell | defined ideal text, portrays: environment as process, as active, has a land ethic/accountability, political stance. |
| Rob Nixon | Slow Violence |
| Foucault (as queer theorist) | discourse produced homosexuality |
| Katherine Hayles | intelligence is coproduced by machines. Intelligent machines shape us, we are already post-human. |
Created by:
mbeem
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