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C Exam 5
Inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do myeloblasts form into? | White blood cells |
| Which cells are capable of engulfing and removing things from the body? | Phagocytes Neutrophils Monocytes |
| What is happening in an autoimmune disorder? | body is attacking itself can result in inflammation |
| What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? | Pain Heat Redness Swelling Loss of Function |
| What is inflammation? | Innate Complex Nonspecific immune response to protect the body from harmful stimuli |
| What physical agents are harmful stimuli? | Trauma Extreme temperatures Radiation |
| What are chemical agents that are harmful stimuli? | Strong acids Alkaline substances Poisons Irritating gases Increased stomach acid production |
| What are microorganisms that are harmful stimuli? | bacteria, and viruses |
| What cells release chemical mediators? | Macrophages Mast cells |
| What type of cells are mast cells and macrophages? | Leukocytes |
| When chemical mediators are released where do they start acting? | on the affected tissue |
| Why does vasodilation occur? | to increase blood supply at the site |
| The increased blood supply causes what symptoms? | heat and redness |
| The increased blood supply bring what cells to the area? | leukocytes and phagocytes |
| What is leukocytosis? | when the bone marrow produces more leukocytes in large quantities and releases them into the bloodstream |
| What is hyperemia? | extra blood |
| After the vasculature becomes more permeable what leaks into the interstitial space? | Fluid, protien, and leukocytes (WBC) |
| The leakage of these into the interstital space causes what symptoms? | Pain and Edema |
| Where does the pain come from? | stimulating nerve endings |
| What is exudate made up of? | build up of fluid, dead phagocytic cells, dead tissue, and other byproducts of the inflammatory process |
| What are fibrinous? | similar to scar tissue. Often seen in abdominal surgeries. Increase in # of surgeries increases the likelihood of adhesions. |
| Where is serous fluid normally found? | blisters or inflammation around the heart |
| What is catarrhal? | cloudy mucous Ex. runny nose |
| What is sanguineous fluid? | contains blood from ruptures blood vessels and leaking through capillaries |
| What is serosanguineous fluid? | serous fluid that has leaked through capillaries and picked up blood on the way out |
| What is the last part of the inflammatory process? | repairing the damaged tissue |
| What tissues are easily replaced through regeneration? | Skin Digestive tract Repiratory tract Osseous Lymphoid Bone marrow tissues |
| What tissue is not easily replaced through regeneration? | Nervous Muscular Elastic Tissues |
| What occurs with regeneration of the damaged cells? | replaces the cell for cell, one by one until function of tissue is restored |
| What happens when fibrous tissue formation occurs? | a network of fibrin provides a framework for new tissue development |
| What are damaged tissues replaced with? | collagen, blood, lymphatic material |
| What does granulation tissue look like? | it appears pink/red because of the capillaries being formed |
| What does scar tissue look like? | less capillaries and more fibrous, collagen material. |
| What starts the inflammatory process? | release of chemical mediators |
| What is Bradykinin? | responsible for vasodilation pain vascular permeability histamine release |
| What is complement? | series of proteins that are responsible for: vasodilation vascular permeability phagocytosis histamine release |
| What is histamine responsible for? | responsible for vasodilation vascular permeability attracts eosinophils |
| What does heparin do? | prevents clotting. |
| What works together to allow blood to easily flow to the affected tissue? | Histamine and heparin |
| What do leukotrienes attract? | neutrophils and macrophages |
| What does prostaglandin do? | cause vasodilation |
| What is acute inflammation? | resolves when the harmful stimuli is eradicated or the initial injury has time to heal |
| When does acute inflammation normally occur? | within minutes to hours |
| What are some examples of acute inflammation? | sprained ankle, minor burn, frostbite, allergic reaction, sepsis, cystitis |
| What is chronic inflammation? | persists after the invading pathogen is eradicated and is out of proportion to the initial injury |
| If the acute inflammatory response is unsuccessful at getting rid of the harmful stimuli what happens? | chronic inflammation. This is what occurs in an autoimmune disorder. |
| What can chronic inflammation lead to? | structural changes to the affected tissue |
| What are some interventions for inflammation resulting from injury/trauma? | Reduce movement Elevate NSAIDs acetaminophen/ opioids Compression Ice pack |
| What types of inflammation could require surgical intervention? | appendicitis cholecystitis complex wound requiring debridement |
| What nutritional intake would you recommend for a patient with a healing wound or other infectious inflammatory process? | high protein increased fluid intake |
| What vital sign changes will you see in someone who is having an anaphylaxis reaction? | tachycardia hypotensive |
| What would make an allergic reaction be considered anaphylaxis? | it has to effect 2 body systems |
| What respiratory s/s would you see with anaphylaxis? | Wheezing Coughing |
| What cardiac s/s would you see with anaphylaxis? | Tachycardia Hypotension Chest pain |
| What gi s/s would you see with anaphylaxis? | Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abd cramping |
| What integumentary s/s would you see with anaphylaxis? | Swelling of lips/ tongue/throat Swelling around eyes Hives Flushing/redness Palness |
| What is anaphylaxis normally triggered by? | foods insect stings medications latex |
| What is anaphylaxis? | rapid release of mediators in response to exposure to allergen |
| What are some interventions for heat related to inflammation? | antipyretic ice packs |
| What are some interventions for impaired function related to inflammation? | physical therapy adequate sleep/rest |
| What do NSAIDs do? | prevent the synthesis of prostoglandins |
| What are the side effects of NSAIDs? | GI upset/ bleeding Tinnitus Renal impairment Thrombocytopenia |
| What interventions are from NSAIDs? | Monitor BUN/creatinine Administer with food Report bruising/ black tarry stool Avoid alcohol Contraindicated for hx of peptic ulcer |
| What do corticosteroids do? | suppress the immune system by mimicking naturally occurring hormones secreted by adrenal cortex |
| What are steroids' suffix? | -sone |
| What are the side effects of steroids? | weight gain hyperglycemia mood changes edema Suppress immune system Hypertension Osteoporosis |
| What are some interventions for steroids? | DO NOT stop abruptly monitor weight Monitor glucose, especially in diabetics Contraindicated in pt with sepsis Take with food to prevent GI upset |
| What does it mean to taper off a medication? | decrease dose slowly until course of treatment is over, adrenal insufficiency or crisis can occur |
| What are the benefits of NSAIDs over corticosteroids? | fewer adverse effects has analgesic and antipyretic properties |
| What do antihistamines do? | block histamine receptors, reducing effects of histamine on body tissue. |
| What are first generation antihistamines? | Benadryl Phenergan (commonly used for N & V) |
| What are 2nd and third antihistamines? | Claritin Allegra Zyrtec |
| What is the difference between 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines? | 1st generation have more pronounces side effects |
| What are side effects of antihistamines? | Anticholinergic Tachycardia Confusion Tremors |
| What are some interventions for antihistamines? | Encourage fluid intake Do not drink alcohol Caution with driving |
| What are some signs of an overdose of antihistamines? | Tachycardia Confusion Tremors Hallucinations Seizures Blurry Vision Extreme Lethargy |
| Which receptors do antihistamines act on? | H1 and H4 |
| When are vital signs more significant when it comes to the inflammatory response? | Infection Systemic Inflammatory Response |
| What vital sign changes would you expect with infection/ Systemic inflammatory response? | Hypotension Tachycardia Fever Tachypnea |
| When can inflammatory markers be falsely elevated? | Older adults and Obese |
| What does an elevated ESR indicate? | inflammation |
| What is an ESR test? | measures how far the erythrocytes fall in a lab tube over an hour. The increase fibrogen causes the red blood cells to stick to one another and fall faster. |
| When can CRP C-Reactive Protein be falsely elevated? | in liver failure |
| What is CRP? | a measure of proteins produced by the liver and fat cells in response to inflammation |
| What diagnostic tests would you want to run to test for inflammation | CBC CRP ESR |
| What is a normal WBC value? | 4.5-10 |
| What should be a last resort for children? | invasive procedures |
| What can elevated inflammatory markers in older adults indicate? | indicative of poor overall health rather than inflammatory process |
| What is associated with inflammation in older adults? | cognitive decline |
Created by:
cberna00
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