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C Exam 4
Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of diet should a pt with chronic renal failure have? | low protein diet |
| What are anthropometric measures? | Measurements that can help identify individuals who are at risk for undernutrition or overnutrition. |
| Examples of anthropometric measures? | Height, weight, BMI, Waist-to-hip circumference, and skin fold thickness. Length (for babies) |
| What is a food desert? | an area of population where it is difficult to find good quality, affordable, fresh fruits, veggies, whole grains. |
| What is considered a food desert in urban areas? | more than 1 mile from a grocery store |
| What is considered a food desert in a rural area? | more than 10 miles from a grocery store |
| What is food insecurity? | inconsistent resources to access appropriates quantities and varieties of food |
| What is an ovo-vegetarian? | Eggs is their only animal derived protein |
| What is a lacto-vegetarian? | Dairy food (milk, cheese, etc) are their only animal derived protein |
| What is nutrient density? | ratio of good nutrients to calories a food contains |
| What is satiety? | feeling of fullness |
| What is a vegan diet? | eats only foods of plant origin |
| What is a vegetarian diet? | do not eat meat, poultry, or seafood |
| What percent of adults body is water? | 60% |
| What percent of an infant's body is water? | 75% |
| How much water should adults drink per day? | 64 ozs (1900 mL) |
| What are proteins? | naturally occurring substances that consists of amino acids |
| What are complete proteins? | contain all nine of the essential amino acids |
| What vitamin do adolescents need alot of and why? | calcium, to build strong bones and fight bone loss later in life |
| What kind of diet should a pt with hypertension follow? | low sodium, because water follows salt. |
| What should vegetarians make sure they consume enough of? | calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin D DICZ |
| What foods contain Vitamin D? | tofu, lentils, and swiss chard |
| What kind of vitamin deficiencies can vegans have? | calcium, omega 3, fatty acids, iron, zinc, and vitamin b12 |
| Where are incomplete proteins found? | legumes, nuts, grains, cereal, and vegetables. |
| What might cause excessive breakdown or loss of proteins? | burns, major illness of emotional states |
| If a pt has a protein deficit what might it cause? | weight loss, tissue wasting, edema, and anemia |
| What do proteins do in the body? | Help with: Building new tissue Blood clotting Red blood cells Maintaining F & E Maintaining Acid/Base balance Can function as enzymes and antibodies Form hormones |
| What are carbohydrates? | contain sugar and starches |
| Where can you find carbohydrates? | plant foods |
| What are monosaccharides? | glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| Where are monosaccharides found? | Milk, sugar cane, honey and fruits. Absorb into blood stream rapidly |
| What are polysacchrides? | complex carbohydrates that are absorbed more slowly |
| Where are polysaccharides found? | grains, legumes, and root vegetables |
| All carbohydrates are converted to what? | Glucose |
| What does glucose make? | ATP |
| What does ATP do? | transports energy to the cells |
| What is a Kilocalorie(kcal)? | term that identifies the energy producing ability of nutrients |
| What is the recommended daily intake of carbs? | 125-175 g |
| Excess carbohydrates are converted to what? | glycogen |
| Where is glycogen stored? | Liver Muscles Adipose tissue |
| What can excessive intake of carbs lead to? | Obesity Dental cavities Elevated triglycerides |
| What can a carb deficiency lead to? | Tissue wasting from muscle breakdown Metabolic acidosis from ketones |
| What does USDS dietary guidelines suggest in relation to carbs? | Should come from foods high in fiber and low in added sugars |
| What are fats(lipids)? | bodies 2nd source of energy |
| What is a phospholipid? | play a role in fat transport |
| What do sterols do? | provide bile necessary for digestion. Excessive cholesterol can lead to heart disease. |
| What are triglycerides? | most abundant fats. Saturated- hydrogen ions present Unsaturated- hydrogen ions missing |
| What is fats role in the body? | storage for energy padding insulation cell membrane integrity Aid in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins |
| Which macronutrient is absorbed most quickly? | Carbohydrates |
| Which organ is primarily responsible for the metabolic process? | Liver |
| What is the process to go from carbohydrate to fatty acids? | Liver converts complex sugars to glucose>converts glucose to energy>converts glucose to fatty acids |
| What does the liver do for proteins? | removes the ammonia from the blood and converts it to urea |
| What does the liver do for lipids? | Manufactures bile and sends it to the gall bladder to aid digestion |
| What does the liver do to fatty acids? | converts them to energy. |
| What does the liver do to alcohol and many oral drugs? | Detoxifies them |
| What are considered macronutrients? | Protein, Carbs, Fats |
| What are considered micronutrients? | Vitamins, Minerals |
| What are fat soluble vitamins? | A,D,E,K KADE is fat |
| Where are fat soluble vitamins found? | in fats & oils of food |
| What do fat soluble vitamins require for absorption? | Bile |
| Where are fat soluble vitamins stored? | Liver, and Tissues |
| What 2 fat soluble vitamins are produced in the body? | D, K |
| How is vitamin D produced? | by ultraviolent radiation of cholesterol molecules in the skin. |
| How is vitamin K produced? | synthesized by bacteria in the intestine |
| What is the function of Vitamin A ? What foods is it found in? | Essential for eye function. Found in: orange/yellow fruits, vegetables, fatty fish, and dairy. |
| What is the function of Vitamin D? What foods is it found in? | Essential for calcium absorption and transport. Found in: fish, fortified dairy, egg yolks, sunlight |
| What is the function of Vitamin E? What foods is it found in? | an antioxidant. Found in: vegetables, oils, grains, nuts, dark green vegetables. |
| What is an antioxidant? | prevent or slow damage to cells |
| What is the function of Vitamin K? What foods is it found in? | Part of coagulation cascade (clotting) Found in: Green leafy vegetables |
| What are the water soluble vitamins? | B & C think BeaCh when you think water |
| Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed? | absorbed with water in the GI tract |
| What does vitamin B12 require to be absorbed? | Intrinsic factor |
| Are water soluble vitamins stored in the body? | No, excess is excreted by the kidneys. |
| What is the function of vitamin B? What foods is it found in? | Plays a role in cellular functioning. Found in Citrus fruits, juices, and vegetables. |
| What is vitamin B1 called? | Thiamine |
| What is vitamin B9 called? | Folate or Folic Acid |
| What is the function of vitamin C? What foods is it found in? | Plays a role in tissue healing. Found in: Meats, eggs, dairy products, dark green vegetables |
| Whats another name for vitamin C? | Ascorbic acid |
| What are minerals normally referred to as? | Electrolytes |
| What are the 7 electrolytes? | Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc |
| What does sodium help with? | Fluid balance |
| What does potassium help with? | Cardiac function, muscle contraction |
| What does calcium help with? | Bones, teeth, and regulation of metabolic functions |
| What does phosphorus help with? | Energy production |
| What does magnesium help with? | Neuromuscular transmission |
| What does iron help with? | Cell production |
| What does zinc help with? | Essential for normal central nervous system function |
| What are the benefits of breastfeeding? | Enhanced immune function, promotion of GI function, and reduction of SIDS |
| How often should new food be introduced to babies to observe for allergies and intolerances? | One new food every 5-7 days |
| How many calories should an adult male have in a day? | 2400-3000 |
| How many calories should an adult female have in a day? | 1600-2400 |
| What vitamins should females of child bearing age increase? | Iron Vitamin C Folate (Vitamin B9) |
| What is Xerostomia? | decreased salivation |
| What mental illness has the highest mortality rate? | Eating disorders |
| What can have a major impact on nutritional intake for ANY age group? | Depression |
| What Holy days do Catholics observe? | Don't eat meat on Ash Wednesday or Fridays |
| What holy days does Islam observe? | fasting during Ramadan |
| What holy days does Judaism observe? | 24 hr fast during Yom Kippur |
| What is the focus of Healthy People 2030? | help people get recommended amounts of healthy foods, to reduce their risk for chronic diseases and improve their health. |
| What are the 5 MyPlate categories? | Fruits, Grains, Vegetables, Protein, and Dairy |
| What is a normal BMI? | 18.5-24.9 |
| What BMI is considered overweight | 25-29.9 |
| What BMI is considered obese? | 30> |
| What BMI is considered morbidly obese? | 40 |
| What percentile for children is considered underweight? | <5 |
| What percentile is considered overweight? | 85+ |
| What percentile is considered obese? | 95 |
| How do you get the waist to hip circumference? | measure 1 inch above the umbilicus to the hip. Estimates the amount of upper body fat |
| Increased upper body fat increase the risk for what? | Diabetes Heart disease Hypertension |
| What is a Mini Nutritional Assessment? | 2 part tool that provides rapid assessment for clients in the community and healthcare setting |
| When should weight be obtained? | at the same time everyday |
| Why should height be measured? | pt may be inaccurate when reporting height |
| REVIEW MNA ON PAGE 941 | |
| What might a cholesterol level of less than 160 indicate? | Malnutrition |
| What might low hematocrit indicate? | Anemia such as iron deficiency anemia |
| What might a high blood glucose indicate? | prediabetes or diabetes |
| What might low albumin levels result in? | Edema |
| What would low protein levels result from? | Malnutrition Malabsorption disorders Liver or Kidney disease |
| What can result from low protein levels? | Edema |
| What is a normal cholesterol range? | 160-200 mg/dL |
| What is a normal hematocrit range? | M: 38-50% F: 34-45% |
| What is a normal serum glucose? | 70-120 mg/dL |
| What is a normal serum albumin? | 3.5-5 mg/dL |
| What is a normal total protein level? | 6-8 g/dL |
| What is the DASH diet? | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Low in saturated fat and sodium |
| What is the diabetic diet? | carb-controlled diet |
| What is the renal diet? | Low protein Low sodium Low phosphorus Limiting fluids |
| What is the gluten free diet? | used for pt with celiac disease (ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine) |
| Where is gluten found? | Barley Wheat Rye |
| What is the low protein diet? | limit protein to 1-2 grams a day Used for kidney and liver disease |
| What is the ketogenic diet? | Used for refractory epilepsy Low in carbs High in fat |
| What are restricted foods for Islam? | no alcohol Don't eat pork Food has to be kosher |
| What are restricted foods for mormons? | No alcohol, coffee, or tea |
| What are restricted foods for 7th day adventism? | No alcohol, coffee, or tea No pork Follow a vegetarian diet |
| What are restricted foods for orthodox judaism? | No pork Food has to be kosher |
| What are restricted foods for hindu? | No alcohol, coffee, or tea No pork Follow vegetarian diet |
| What are restricted foods for buddists? | No pork Follow vegetarian diet |
| What is included in a clear liquid diet? | Water Tea Broth Gelatin Pulp free juices Clear carbonated beverages |
| What is included in a full liquid diet? | any foods that are liquid at room temp Pudding Creamed Soups Ice cream Fruit Juices |
| What is a mechanical soft diet? | all foods are allowed that can be made easier to chew and swallowed. Blended Pureed Ground Finely Chopped |
| What needs to be avoided for colon procedures and tonsillectomy's? | Liquids or gelatins with red coloring Can be confused as possible bleeding |
| What are complications of TPN? | Infection Glucose Intolerance Hyperlipidemia Fluid Overload |
| What can happen to a child with undernutrition? | Slower bone development Stunting- short for developmental age Learning disabilities |
| What does failure to thrive mean? | used to describe children whose development is delayed due to inadequate calorie intake or mal-absorption of calories |
| Who is at risk of under nutrition? | Poor Old Eating disorders Alcoholics & Substance abuse Chronic medical conditions Hospitalized pts |
| What does cachexia mean? | physical wasting and malnutrition usually associated with chroni disease |
| What are signs of undernutrition | Brittle Hair Fatigue Weight Loss Mood Changes Poor Concentration |
| What are the risk factors of overnutrition? | Heredity Ethnicity-American Indians and Alaska Natives |
| What health issues can over nutrition lead to? | Atherosclerosis Respiratory Failure Metabolic Syndrome- includre 3 or more conditions increased waist circum, hypertension, elevated blood triglycerides |
Created by:
cberna00
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