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PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY EXAM PREPARATION # 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is NOT correct? | Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves. |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? | constriction of the bronchioles |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
| The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the | central sulcus. |
| The reticular activating system maintains | consciousness. |
| Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a | dermatome. |
| Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system. | craniosacral |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the | association tracts. |
| The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. | vestibular |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion. |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors. |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the | motor program. |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a | glandular secretion. |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus. |
| Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division. |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? Correct! | It is a flexor reflex. |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: Correct! | vagus |
| Which is(are) the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway? | Acetylcholine |
| Which of the following statements is not true? | The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an “emergency” system. |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? | Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. |
| Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores? | Cortisol |
| Which ear structures are responsible for the amplification and transfer of sound from the external ear to the inner ear? | The ossicles |
| Based on the animation, where do frequencies—from high to low pitches—cause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? | the apex of the cochlea & between the base and the apex of the cochlea |
| Specialized cells in the retina called ganglion cells convert the light rays into | electrical signals |
| If movement of a visual stimulus is leftward in one eye and rightward in the opposite eye, the brain interprets this as movement toward (or away) from the face along the midline. Which eye is visualizing leftward stimulus? | right eye |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? Correct! | Thalamus |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| The second step of hemostasis occurs when additional coagulation factors beyond factor VII respond in a cascade to form fibrin strands. Fibrin stands strengthen what? | platelet plug |
| Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries ____________ blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns ____________blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart. | deoxygenated; oxygenated |
| In an electrocardiogram the T wave represents | repolrization of the ventricles. |
| What causes the ventricles to contract? | The inpulse to the Perkinje Fiber |
| The greatest pressure drop is in the ____________ which has muscle fibers that expand and contract change diameters. | arterioles |
| The amount of water that moves into the blood from the interstitial fluid depends on the concentration of | plasma protein. |
| The process of red cells are production in the marrow of certain bones is referred to as | Erythropoiesis |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. | protein molecules present |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure. |
| All of the following are true statements except: | both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator. |
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