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PMI A&P Ch2
PMI Anatomy & Physiology Ch2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biochemistry | study of chemical aspects of life |
| molecules | particles of matter that are composed of one or more atoms |
| protons | a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. |
| electrons | a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids. |
| neutrons | a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen. |
| nucleus | the core of each atom that is composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus |
| atomic mass | number of protons and neutrons combined |
| orbitals | electrons keep darting about within certain limits |
| energy levels | limited region surrounding the nucleus of an atom at a certain distance containing electrons; also called a "shell" |
| elements | pure substances, composed of only one of more than a hundred types of atoms that exist in nature |
| compounds | substances whose molecules have more than one element in them |
| oxygen | one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body; symbolized by O, as in H2O or O2 |
| carbon | one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body and always found in organic compounds; symbolized by C, as in CO2 |
| hydrogen | one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body symbolized by H, as in H2O; may form ions such as H+ or OH- |
| nitrogen | one of the chemical elements found in great quantity in the human body; especially in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins, and amino acids; symbolized by N, as in NH3 |
| formula | shorthand notation for a chemical structure such as an atom or molecule, as in C for carbon and H2O for water |
| carbon dioxide | molecule made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms; symbolized by the formula CO2; produced by processes of cellular respiration as a waste product that must be excreted from the body through the respiratory system |
| bond | a chemical bond or union between two or more atoms to form a molecule |
| ionic bonds | chemical bond formed by the positive-negative attraction between two ions |
| ion | electrically charged atom or group of atoms |
| dissociate | to break apart a compound in solution |
| electrolytes | substance that dissociates into ions in solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electric current |
| covalent bond | chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
| hydrogen bond | weak chemical bond that occurs between the partial positive charge on a hydrogen atom covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom and the partial negative charge of another polar molecule |
| organic compound | compound whose large molecules contain carbon and that include C--C bonds and/or C--H bonds |
| inorganic compound | compound whose molecules do not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| water | H2O |
| solvent | substance in which other substances are dissolved; for example, in saltwater the water is the solvent for the salt |
| solute | substance that dissolves into another substance; for example, the salt is the salute dissolved in the water |
| aqueous solution | a mixture made up of molecules dissolved in water |
| dehydration synthesis | chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together |
| reactant | any substance entering (and being changed by) a chemical reaction |
| product | any substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| hydrolysis | chemical reaction in which water is added to a large molecule, causing it to break apart into smaller molecules |
| base | a chemical that, when dissolved in water, reduces the relative concentration |
| alkaline | any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH- ions (creating a high pH value) |
| acid | any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of H+ ions (that is, a low pH) |
| pH | mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration (acidity); pH value higher than 7 is basic, pH value less than 7 is acidic, pH value equal to 7 is neutral |
| salt | compound formed when an acid and base combine; sometimes specifically refers to the common salt, sodium chloride (NaCl) |
| acidosis | condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis |
| alkalosis | condition in which there is an excessive proportion of alkali (base) in the blood; opposite of acidosis |
| buffers | compound that combines with an acid or with a base to form a weaker acid or base, thereby lessening the change in hydrogen-ion concentration that would occur without the buffer |
| homeostasis of pH | |
| carbohydrate | organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions (C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio); for example, sugars, starches, and cellulose |
| monosaccharide | a "simple sugar" composed of only a single saccharide group (C6H12O6); examples include glucose, fructose, galactose |
| disaccharide | double sugar, such as sucrose, maltose, or lactose; type of carbohydrate made up of two saccharide groups (monosaccharides) |
| polysaccharides | biomolecule made up of many saccharide sugars (monosaccharides) |
| glycogen | polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose (monosaccharide) molecules; animal starch |
| lipid | organic molecule usually com[posed of glycerol and fatty acid units; types include triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol; a fat, wax or oil |
| triglycerides | lipid that is synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol or from excess glucose or amino acids; stored mainly in adipose tissue |
| glycerol | product of fat digestion |
| phospholipid | phosphate-containing lipid (fat) molecule |
| bilayer | double layer |
| steroid | any of a class of lipids related to sterols and forming numerous reproductive and adrenal hormones |
| cholesterol | steroid lipid found in many body tissues and in animal fat |
| proteins | one of the basic nutrients needed by the body; a nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of a folded strand of amino acids |
| amino acids | structural units from which proteins are built |
| peptide bond | covalent bond linking amino acids within a protein molecule |
| lipoprotein | substance that is part lipid and part protein; produced mainly in the liver |
| atherosclerosis | type of "hardening of the arteries" in which lipids and other substances build up on the inside wall of blood vessels |
| structural protein | protein that has the role of building structures in the body, such as collagen fibers or keratin fibers; compare to functional protein |
| functional protein | protein that has the role of regulating chemical reactions in the body, such as enzymes, some neurotransmitters, some hormones; compare to structural protein |
| enzyme | biochemical catalyst allowing chemical reactions to take place in a suitable time frame |
| lock-and-key model | concept that explains how molecules react when they fit together in a complementary way in the same manner that a key fits into a lock to cause the lock to open or close |
| nucleic acid | the two nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA), found in the cytoplasm, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), found in the nucleus and mitochondrion; made up of units called nucleotides that each include a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical "blueprint" of the body |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis |
| nucleotides | molecule that connects to other nucleotides to form a nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA; each nucleotide has three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine {or uracil}, guanine, or cytosine) |
| adenine | one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA; in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, thymine (T or t) or uracil (U or u) |
| thymine | one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA (but not RNA); in the cell, it can bind to another nitrogenous base, adenine (A or a), to form a more complex structure or in translating |
| guanine | one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA; in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, cytosine (C or c), to form a more complex structure or in translating genetic codes |
| cytosine | one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA; in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, guanine (G or g), to form a more complex structure |
| uracil | one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as RNA (but not DNA); in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, adenine (A or a), to a form a more complex structure |
| double helix | shape of DNA molecules; a double spiral |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | chemical compound that privets energy for use by body cells |
| adenosine diphospahte (ADP) | molecule similar to adenosine triphosphate but containing only two phosphate groups |
| biochemist | scientist who works primarily in the fields of biochemistry |
| laboratory technicians | a trained assistant in a medical or scientific laboratory |
| clinical laboratory technicians | health-care worker who collects samples and scientifically analyzes tissues, body fluids, and other materials for medical purposes; also called medical laboratory technologist or technician |
| nuclear medicine technologists | medical professional who prepares and administers radioactive drugs or other substances |
| pharmacists | health-care worker trained to dispense drugs and educate patients in their proper use |
| pharmacy technicians | health-care worker trained to dispense drugs under the supervision of a pharmacist |
| dietitians | person who works in nutrition science by developing healthful meals and dietary health strategies; also dietician |
| genetic counselors | science professional who consults with families regarding genetic disease |
| radiation sickness | illness caused by cell damage from high levels of radiation; symptoms may include diarrhea, headache, fever, dizziness, weakness, hair loss; also called radiation poisoning or acute radiation syndrome |
Created by:
cdilello
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