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Heart
Exam II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fibrous pericardium | - outermost - tough/protects |
| Parietal pericardium | - lines inside of fibrous facing heart |
| Visceral pericardium | - covers surface of heart itself |
| Heart=? Lung=? Stomach=? | - pericardium - pleura - peritoneum |
| Pericarditis | - making too much fluid (cardiac tamponade) |
| Layers of heart: | 1. Epicardium-outermost 2. Myocardium- thickest; middle 3. Endocardium- thin layer, squamous epithelium |
| Interatrial septum | wall separating L and R atria |
| Interventricular septum | Wall between ventricles |
| Foramen ovale | - opening in heart in fetal stage - allows oxygen to transfer to kids from mother within womb - seals into fossa ovalis (impression) |
| Moderator band | - electrical highway from inter ventricular septum to papillary muscle so they are able to contract and shut tricuspid |
| Cardiac skeleton | - prevents electricity from going upstairs |
| Big doors slamming=? Small door slamming=? | - Lub - Dub |
| Valvular heart disease: | - deterioration of valve function - result from rheumatic fever (inflammation) |
| Valvular insufficiency: | - fails to prevent back flow during contraction - "shh" |
| Valvular stenosis: | - hardening and narrowing; does not allow valves to seal |
| Heart murmur: | - Sound of regurgitation |
| 4 areas for listening to the heart: | 1. aortic- right, 2nd space 2. Pulmonic- left, 2nd space 3. tricuspid- left, 4th space 4. Mitral- left, 5th space |
| What does coronary circulation do? | - supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart |
| Coronary arteries: | - elevated bp and elastic rebound of aorta maintain blood flow through arteries - you want it to be like a rubber band |
| End arteries: | - do not overlap with others |
| Cardiac veins: | - collect deoxygenated blood from myocardium |
| Sinoatrial nodal artery: | - supplies the node (pacemaker) |
| Left ant. descending artery=? | the widow maker |
| What are all three names of left side artery? | 1. widow maker 2. left ant. descending artery 3. ant. inter ventricular artery |
| Great cardiac vein: | - runs with widow maker |
| Coronary sinus: | - end point of all cardiac veins |
| Coronary cardiac disease: | - blockage of coronary circulation - coronary ischemia: to be without oxygen |
| Angina pectoris: | - temporary ischemia develops when workload of heart increases. |
| Myocardial infarction: | - Coronary thrombus: thrombus formation at a plague - when closer to start of artery, damage is widespread. - blocked involves small branch, may survive crisis. |
| Damages myocardial cells release which enzymes into circulation? | - Cardiac troponin T - Cardiac troponin I - Form of creatine phosphokinase, CK-MB |
| Collateral circulations: | - alternate circulation around blocked artery or vein via another path. - regular exercise promotes this |
| Heartbeat: | - a single cardiac contraction |
| Rhythmicity: | - singular heartbeat |
| Automaticity: | - Cardiac mm. Does not depend on extrinsic nerves to contract but contracts via pacemaker cells - pacemaker is generator; atp is gas |
| Cardiac myocyte is connected by ? | - intercalated discs |
| Intercalated discs: | - connect cardiac contractile cells - secured by desmosomes - linked by gap junctions |
| two kinds of cardiac myocytes: | 1. conductive- electricity messengers, form nodes and branches 2. contractile- cardiac muscle cells, produce muscle contractions, calcium dependent |
| Cardiac action potential phases in order: | 0- depolarization 1- brief (early) repolarization 2- plateau 3- repolarization 4- diastole/rest |
| Absolute refractory period | - nothing can happen because it is totally depolarized; you cannot make it contract again because it is busy |
| Relative refractory period | - toilet is almost full again, so if you keep trying then you might get a little flush |
| What happens at a plateau? | - Ca and K are passing each other so the heart has enough time to depolarize |
| Conduction pathway of electricity in order: | 1. Sinoatrial node 2. Internodal tracts and Bachmann's bundle 3. atrioventricular node 4. atrioventricular (av) bundle of his 5. L and R bundle branches 6. Purkinje fibers |
| What is a sinus rhythm? | - normal electrical pattern established by SA node - cat and dog story |
| SA node is the ? | pacemaker |
| AV bundle of his: | - connects atria to ventricle |
| L and R bundle branches: | - extends towards apex and fans out to reach purkinje fibers - sends impulse to moderator band |
| Purkinje fibers: | - fast conductors that reach all ventricular myoctyes |
| 5 phases of cardiac cycle: | 1. atrial systole (atria squeeze, forces downstairs) 2. early ven. systole (lights on downstairs) S1 3. late ven. systole (semilunar valves open) 4. early ven. diastole (S2) 5. late ven. diastole (opens doors) SOUNDS ON TWO EARLIES LATES DOING WORK |
| Isovolumetric ven. systole: | - no changes or squeezing, but getting ready |
| Ventricular ejection: | - blood is ejected into arteries (SL valves) |
| Stroke volume: | - amount of blood pumped out of ventricle during contraction |
| Cardiac output formula: | HR X SV=CO |
| End diastolic volume: | - amount of blood in ventricle after diastole |
| End systolic volume: | - amount of blood in ventricle after systole |
| SV formula: | SV=EDV-ESV |
| What are the factors affecting stroke volume? | - preload (how hard you push), contractility, after load (obstacles to overcome), bradycardia (under 60), tachycardia (over 100) |
| Inotropic agents: | - influences forces of contraction |
| Chronotropic agents: | - time change, influences change |
| Edema: | - going back into the tissues |
Created by:
madelineyork
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