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Polymers

Reactions of Carbon Compounds

QuestionAnswer
What is a polymer? A macromolecule formed by linking together 50 or more small molecules, known as monomers, usually in chains.
What is an addition polymer? Synthetic polymers made by addition polymerization.
Addition polymers are known as polyalkenes
T or F. The name of a polymer is derived from the name of the monomer from which it was formed. T
What kind of linkages do polyalkenes have? Alkane linkage (C-C single bond)
Name the polymer formed from ethene monomers polyethene
propene polypropene
choroethene polychloroethene (ie. Polyvinyl chloride /PVC)
tetrafluoroethene polytetrafluoroethene (ie. PTFE)
styrene polystyrene (ie. styrofoam)
What conditions are required for addition polymerization of alkenes to occur? High pressure, catalyst, heat
State 3 key features of addition polymerisation. 1) The polymer is the only product 2) The monomers are all the same 3) The empirical formula of the polymer is the same as the monomer since no atoms are lost during its formation.
List the general characteristics of polyalkenes which make them very useful. Easily moulded into different shapes; light weight; can be easily coloured; can be made flexible or rigid; good thermal and electrica insulators; durable
Uses of polyethene To make plastic bags, plastic bottles, sandwich bads, cling wrap, packaging materials and moisture barriers used in construction.
Uses of polychoroethene (PVC) To make pipe fittings, water pipes, guttering, plastic windows and insulation for electrical wires and cables.
Uses of polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) As a non-stick coating on kitchen and garden utencils and to make low-friction bearings.
Uses of polypropene To make ropes, plastic toys, carpets and plastic food containers.
Uses of polystyrene (styrofoam) To make fast food containers and vending cups for drinks. As a protective packaging material and an onsulation material in walls and roofs.
What are condensation polymers? Polymers made by linking monomers together in longs chains by eliminating a small molecule (usually water) between adjacent monomer units.
State 3 key features of condensation polymerization. 1) The polymer is NOT the only product made (another compound of small molecules is made ) 2) Usually more than one different type of monomer 3) Empirical formula of the polymer is different from the monomer since atoms are lost during its formation
T or F. In order for condensation polymers to be formed, the monomers must have two functional groups. T
State the three different types of condensation polymers. 1) Polyesters 2) Polyamides 3) Polysaccharides.
T or F. All polyesters are synthetic. T
What are the monomer units of polyesters? Carboxylic acid and alcohol
What type of linkage is formed in polyesters? Ester linkage (-COO-)
T or F. Polyamines can be natural or synthetic. T
What are the monomer units of synthetic polyamides? Diacid and diamine
What are the monomer units of natural polyamides (polypeptide/protein) ? amino acids
What type of linkage is formed between amino acids? peptide/amide linkages (-CONH-)
T or F. All polysaccharides are natural. T
What are the monomer units of polysaccharides called? monosaccharides eg. glucose, fructose, galactose
What type of linkage is formed between monosaccharides? ether (glycosidic) linkage (-O-)
Give three examples of polysaccharides. Starch, cellulose, glycogen
What type of polymer is polythylene terepththalate (PET, Terylene or Dacron) and what is its use ? Polyester. To make clothing, especially outdoor clothing, bed sheets, towels, boat sails and carpets. To make PET bottles for soft drinks.
What type of polymer is nylon and what is its use? Polyamide. To make fishing lines, seatbelts, carpets and clothing, especially where stretch is required e.g. nylon stockings and activity wear.
What type of polymer is protein and what is its use? Polyamide. To build body cells, hair and nails. To make enzymes, antibodies, certain hormones etc
What type of polymer is starch and what is its use? Polysaccharide. Used to produce energy during respiration in living organisms after first being digested to glucose. Stored as a food reserve in organisms.
What type of polymer is cellulose and what is its use? Polysaccharide. Used to build cell walls of plant cells.
State 5 environmental effects of plastics (synthetic polymers). 1) Toxic chemicals released during manufacture 2) They are non-biodegradable 3) They produce dense smoke and posionous gases when burnt 4) They are flammable hazards 5) Most are made from non-renewable petroleum source.
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