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Alcohols

Reactions of Carbon Compounds

QuestionAnswer
Functional group of alcohols OH (hydroxyl)
Alcohols end with the letters anol
General formula for alcohol homologous series. CnH2n+1OH
How many carbons are required for an alcohol to show structural isomerism? 3 or more. Structural isomers are formed due to the change in position of the functional group or the branching of the molecule.
T or F. When naming alcohols, the chain should be number such the carbon containing the functional group has the lowest possible number. T
Name CH3CH2CH2OH propanol or 1 -propanol or propan-1-ol
Name CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3 hexan-3-ol or 3-hexanol
Name CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH 2-methylpropan-1-ol 2-methyl-1-propanol
State 3 properties of alcohols. 1) They are polar 2) They are less volatile than their corresponding alkanes.Boiling point increases as carbon number increases. 3) They are soluble in water
Alcohol + oxygen --> carbon dioxide (g) + water (g)
What is a combustion reaction? Reaction of a compound with oxygen ie. burning in oxygen. Process is exothermic - heat is produced.
Ethanol + sodium metal --> sodium ethoxide + hydrogen gas
2C2H5OH (l) + 2Na(s) 2 C2H5ONa (alc sol) + H2 (g)
Name C2H5ONa sodium ethoxide
Ethoxide ion C2H5O-
What conditions are required for the dehydration reaction of ethanol? 1) Conc. H2SO4 , 170 degrees C OR 2) passing vapour over heated Al2O3
C2H5OH(l) --> (conc. H2SO4, 170 degrees C over arrow) C2H4 (g) + H20 (g)
Ethanol + oxidising agent [O] --> ethanoic acid(aq) + water(l)
C2H5OH (l) + 2[O] --> CH3COOH (aq) + H20 (l)
How does the breathalyzer test work? Ethanol in the breath reduces acidified potassium dichromate (VI) (KMnO4). Orange dichromate (VI), Cr2O7 superscript 2- changes to green chromium (III), Cr superscript 3+ ions.
Define fermentation. The chemical reaction in which carbohydrates are converted into ethanol by yeast under anaerobic conditions.
What conditions are required for fermentation to occur? 1) Lack of oxygen 2) Yeast
What is yeast? A unicellular fungus
What is the mode of action of yeast? 1) It produces enzymes which break down complex carbhydrates into simple sugars (mainly glucose) 2) It then produces the enzyme zymase which converts siimple sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 (aq) --> (zymase in yeast above arrow) 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)
Formula of glucose C6H12O6
What happens when the concentration of ethanol produced in the fermentation mixture reaches about 14%? The enzyme zymase becomes destroyed and the fermentation reaction stops.
After fermentation stops, how can the ethanol be separated from the mixture? By fractional distillation. The ethanol is collected at about 78 degrees C and is about 96% pure.
List the main apparatus/materials needed in the separation of ethanol from fermentation mixture. fermentation mixture containing ethanol, heat source, fractionating column packed with glass beads, thermometer, condenser with water out at top and water in at bottom, conical flask to collect the distillate
State 2 uses of fermentation. 1) Production of alcoholic beverages such as wine and rum 2) In baking, CO2 produced from the reaction is used to make dough rise
What type of grapes are used to make red wine? Red or black grapes
What type of grapes are used to make white wine? White grapes
This is the name for the mixture of grape pulp, skins and juice. must
The name for a person who is a winemaker vintner
What happens to ethanol if it is exposed to oxygen in the air? Ethanol becomes oxidised to ethanoic acid (vinegar) and becomes sour and unpleasant in taste. Much effort is therefore placed in minimising exposure to the air when producing ethanol.
Rum is made from a black substance known as molasses
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