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Non-metals
Non-metals/ Inorganic Chem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T or F. Most non-metals are gases at room temperature. Bromine in a liquid at room temp. | T |
| List 4 physical properties of non-metals. | 1) Low melting and boiling point 2) Poor conductors of heat and electricity 3) Dull appearance, brittle in solid state 4) Low melting and boiling points |
| 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) -> | 2 H2O (g) steam |
| N2 (g) + O2 (g) -> | 2 NO (g) nitrogen monoxide |
| 2C (s) + O2 (g) in limited supply -> | 2 CO (g) carbon monoxide |
| C (s) + O2 (g) in plentiful supply -> | CO2 (g) carbon dioxide |
| S (s) + O2 (g) -> | SO2 (g) |
| metal + hydrogen -> e.g. Ca (s) + H2 (g) -> | metal hydride CaH2 (s) calcium hydride |
| metal + oxygen -> e.g. 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) -> | metal oxide 2 MgO (s) magnesium oxide |
| metal + nitrogen -> e.g. 3Mg (s) + N2 (g) -> | metal nitride Mg3N2 (s) magnesium nitride |
| metal + chlorine -> e.g. 2Al (s) + 3Cl2 (s) -> | metal chloride 2AlCl3 (s) aluminium chloride |
| metal + sulfur -> e.g. Fe (s) + S (s) -> | metal sulfide FeS (s) iron (II) sulfide |
| T or F. All non-metals are oxidising agents when they react with metals. Cl2 and O2 are very strong oxidising agents. | T |
| T or F. H, C and S are reducing agents when they react with oxygen and metal oxides. | T |
| What type of oxide is SO2 (g) ? | Acidic oxide |
| What type of oxide is CO (g) ? | Neutral oxide |
| What type of oxide is CO2 (g) ? | Acidic oxide |
| What type of oxide is NO (g) ? | Neutral oxide |
| T ot F. Hydrogen can only reduce metals that are less reactive than itself. | T |
| N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) -> | 2 NH3 (g) |
| CuO (s) + H2 (g) -> | Cu (s) + H2O (l) |
| Ag2O (s) + H2 (g) -> | 2 Ag (s) + H2O (l) |
| Cl2 (g) + 2 Na (s) -> | 2 NaCl (s) |
| Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) -> | 2 HCl (g) |
| 3 Cl2 (g) + 8 NH3 (g) | 6 NH4Cl (g) + N2 (g) |
| Cl2 (g) + H2S (g) -> | 2 HCl (g) + S (s) |
| Cl2 (g) + 2NaBr (aq) -> | 2 NaCl (aq) + Br2 (g) |
| Cl2 (g) + 2 KI (aq) -> | 2 KCl (aq) + I2 (g) |
| S (s) + H2 (g) -> | H2S (g) |
| S (s) + O2 (g) -> | SO2 (g) |
| S (s) + 4 HNO3 (aq) -> | SO2 (g) + 4 NO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) |
| S (s) + 2 H2SO4 (aq) -> | 3 SO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) |
| N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) -> | 2 NO2 (g) a brown, acidic gas - turns blue litmus red |
| N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) -> | 2 NH3 (g) a basic gas - turns red litmus blue |
| State the use of upward delivery (i.e. downward displacement of air) in the collection of gases. | Collects gases LESS DENSE than air. E.g. NH3, CO, H2, and N2 |
| State the use of downward delivery (i.e. upward displacement of air) in the collection of gases. | Collects gases MORE DENSE than air E.g. CO2, O2 and SO2 |
| Name 3 substances which can be obtained using Kipp's apparatus. | Hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulphide gas and carbonic acid. |
| State the use of the collection method which involves delivery over water using beehive shelf and gas jar. | Used to contain emerging gas from delivery tube and funnel it into gas jar. Useful for gases which are insoluble in water. |
| Which gas can be obtained by reacting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) and bubbling the product into an water? | Oxygen (O2) |
| Name three drying agents (usually placed in a U-tube between the reaction vessel and the collection vessel) which can be used if a dry sample of gas is required. | 1) Anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2 (s)) 2) Calcium oxide (CaO(s)) 3) Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4 (aq)) |
| T or F. All gases are less dense than water and will therefore displace water downwards (i.e. rise above the water) but delivery through water is only suitable for gases insoluble in water. | T |
| Which gas can be collected by reacting calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), bubbling the product through conc. H2SO4 or anhydrous CaCl2 followed by the upward displacement of air (downward delivery)? | Carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| T or F. O2 and CO2 can be collected over water since they are not very soluble in it but NH3 cannot be collected this way since it is very soluble in water and will form ammonium hydroxide. | T |
| Which gas can be collected by reacting calcium hydroxide(CaCl2) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), passing the product through calcium oxide (CaO) then collecting by downward displacement of air? | Ammonia (NH3) |
| With reason, give one use of CO2. | Used in fire extinguishers, as a refrigerant, carbonated drinks, aerosol propellant. Reasons: Non-flammable, denser than air, smothers flames and keeps oxygen out. Sublimes at -78 C. Will dissolve in liquid under pressure. Relatively inert. |
| With reason, give one use of Cl2 | Water treatment, solvents and dry-cleaning fluids. Pesticides (DDT), antiseptics (TCP, Dettol), manufacture of PVC pipes, sodium chlorate and calcium chlorate. Reason: Strong oxidizing agent. |
| With reason, give one use of SO2 | Food preservative (eg. in jams and juices). Bleaching agent in paper manufacturing. Reason: Strong reducing agent. |
| With reason, give one use of O2 | Oxygen therapy, oxygen tanks for submarines, spacesuits, aeroplanes, fuel for space ships, welding metals. Reason: Essential for aerobic respiration and combustion otherwise |
| With reason, give one use of H2 | Production of many other chemical products, rocket fuel, reduction of metal ores, hydrogenation of fats and oils, manufacture of ammonia (Haber process), welding. Reason: Strong reducing agent. Non-toxic and highly combustible. |
| With reason, give one use of S | Vulcanization of rubber (eg. hardening car tires), medicinal drugs and ointments for fungal infections, fungicides for plants, making heads of matches, making SO2 and H2SO4. Reason: Exhibits allotropy. Very reactive. Sulphur is an oxidizing agent. |
| With reason, give one use of NH3 | In household cleaning agents (oven and window cleaners), manufacture of fertilizers ((NH4)2SO4) and NH4)3PO4), manufacture of nitric acid. Reason: Has alkaline properties, functions as a weak base. |
| With reason, give one use of P (as phosphates) | Makes the striking surface of matches boxes, makes flares, fireworks and explosives. Manufacture of pesticides and phosphoric acid. Reason: Exists as allotropes. Red phosphorus is the one on match boxes. Highly reactive and ignites. |
| With reason, give one use of N2 gas | In liquefied form, it is used to quick freeze foods. Filling of light bulbs with argon. Food packaging to provide inert atmosphere which prevents aerobic decay. Reason: Relatively inert, colourless, odourless. |
| With reason, give one use of N (as nitrates) | Food preservative, manufacture of fertilizers (NPK). Reason: Essential mineral for plant growth. |
| With reason, give one use of Si (as SiO2 and silicates) | Used in jewellery, glass, cement, ceramic products, pottery, porcelain products, roof tiles, floor tiles, building bricks and sewer pipes. Reason: Crystalline solid, insoluble in water and acids. |
| With reason, give one use of C. | Coke - reduction of metal ores which are lower than Zn due to position in the reactivity series Graphite - solid lubricant, conducts electricity due to mobile electrons etc Diamond - drilling material, jewellery due to strong covalent bonds etc |
| Distinguish between allotropy and polymorphism. | Allotropy - different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state - e.g. allotropes of C - diamond, graphite, coke Polymorphism - isomerism exhibited by crystalline solids -e.g. polymorphs of CaCO3 - calcite and argonite |
| Name two allotropes of sulphur (S). | 1) Rhombic (alpha) sulphur 2) Monoclinic (beta) sulphur |
| Name one source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and the harmful effect on the environment. | - Combustion of fossil fuels - Can cause respiratory problems e.g. bronchitis; reduces growth of plants; dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain. |
| Name one source of carbon monoxide (CO )and the harmful effect on the environment. | - Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles - CO binds with haemoglobin in blood much more readily than O2 and reduces the amount of O2 reaching the body's tissues. This can cause respiratory, mental, visual impairment and even death. |
| Name one source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the harmful effect on the environment. | - Complete combustion of fossil fuels e.g. in motor vehicles, industry, power stations and aeroplanes - Contributes to greenhouse effect and global warming; ocean acidification |
| Name one source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the harmful effect on the environment. | - Decay of organic matter in garbage dumps; released from petroleum refineries - Extremely toxic. Similar to CO - combines with haemoglobin leading to respiratory problems and even death. |
| Name one source of the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2)and the harmful effect on the environment. | - Combustion at high temp. in motor vehicle engines and power stations causing N2 and O2 in air to react - Extremely toxic, damages respiratory system, contributes to photochemical smog, dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain. |
| Name one source of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the harmful effect on the environment. | - Used as a refrigerant in air-conditioners and refrigerators; propellant in some aerosol sprays. - They break down ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere allowing more ultraviolet light to reach the Earth's surface. |
| Name one source of carbon (C) particles (i.e. soot) and their harmful effect on the environment. | - Combustion of fossil fuels, bush fires, cigarettes - Blacken trees reducing photosynthesis; combine with water vapour and SO2 to form photochemical smog; respiratory problems etc. |
| Name one source of nitrate (NO3^-) and phosphate (PO4^3-) ions and their harmful effect on the environment. | - Fertilizers used in agriculture, synthetic detergents - These ions cause eutrophication (excess algal growth in waterways which reduces dissolved oxygen content and sunlight for other aquatic organisms) |
| Name one source of pesticides (e.g. insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) and their harmful effect on the environment. | - Pest/disease/weed control in agriculture - Pesticides concentrate up food chains harming top consumers. They can harm both useful and harmful organisms e.g. bees which are essential for pollination can be killed by insecticides. |
| Describe what is meant by the greenhouse effect. | The process by which radiation from the sun is absorbed by greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. This insulates the Earth's surface and prevent global freezing. However, increased greenhouse gases can lead to global warming. |
| What are greenhouse gases? | Gases that absorb infrared (IR) radiation and cause a greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases are 1) water vapour (H20(g) 2) carbon dioxide (CO2) 3) methane (CH4) 4) ozone (O3) 5) nitrous oxides (N2O) 6) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
| What is global warming? | The gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere causes by increased volumes of greenhouse gases released by burning fossil fuels, emissions from vehicles, industries and other human activities. |
| Ice is less dense than water. How does this property support water's role as a habitat? | Ice floats on water. During cold periods, the water underneath remains in the liquid state so organisms can survive under ice. |
| Water has a high specific heat capacity and high latent heat of fusion. How does this property support water's role as a medium for life? | It requires a lot of energy to change its temperature (specifically 4200 J to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C). It doesn't change state easily. This makes it stable against temperature fluctuations (thermoregulation of living organisms). |
| Why is water considered a universal solvent? | It is able to dissolve a large number of substances including ionic substances, polar molecules etc. |
| Water has many hydrogen bonds. which account for many of its properties What is a hydrogen bond in water? | A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force which exists between the electronegative O of one water molecule and the electropositive H of another water molecule. Many of these bonds make water have high surface tension, high cohesion etc. |
| Water is a polar covalent substance. What does this mean? | Polar due to slight charges caused by the uneven sharing of electrons within the molecule. The electronegative O atom pulls the electrons towards itself more than the electropositive H atoms. Covalent due to the SHARING of electrons between O and 2Hs. |
| What is hard water? | Water which contains dissolved Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts. It does not lather easily with soap but rather forms an unpleasant scum. |
| Distinguish between permanent and temporary hard water. | Permanent hard water - Cannot be removed by boiling - Caused by dissolved CaSO4 and MgSO4 - The salts are slightly soluble Temporary hard water - Can be removed by boiling - Caused by dissolved Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 - The salts are soluble |
| List 5 common steps in the water treatment process. | 1) Flocculation 2) Sedimentation 3) Filtration 4) Chlorination 5) Boiling |
| What is soft water? | Water which does not contain dissolved calcium and magnesium salts. Hard water can be softened by undergoing certain processes. |
| List 5 methods which can be used to soften hard water. | 1) Boiling - only removes temporary hardness. 2) Adding Na2CO3 (washing soda) 3) Ion-exchange - uses zeolite resin 4) Distillation - simple (see sep, mixtures topic) 5) Reverse osmosis - water forced through semi-permeable membrane under pressure |
| Give an equation for softening hardwater by boiling. | Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) (limescale) + H20 (l) + CO2 (g) |
| Give an equation for softening hardwater by adding washing soda. | Ca2+ (aq) + CO3^2- (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) |
| Give an equation for softening hardwater by ion-exchange with zeolite resin. | Ca2+ (aq) + Na2Z (s) -> CaZ (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) |
| List 5 sources of water pollution. | 1) Heavy metal ions 2) Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen which dissolve in water to form acid rain. 3) Nitrate and phosphate ions in fertilizers and detergents. 4) Pesticides 5) Organic waste from untreated sewage |
| What is leaching of soil? | The loss of water soluble substances from the soil as water passes through it. |
| Give 2 causes of soil leaching. | 1) Heavy irrigation 2) Excessive rainfall |
| What is the consequence of soil leaching? | Soluble mineral salts are washed into deeper layers of the soil out of reach of plant roots. This makes soil less fertile. |
| What is green chemistry? | Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use of generations of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. |
| List the 6 key principles of green chemistry. | 1) Prevent waste 2) Use renewable materials 3) Use catalytic reagents 4) Less hazardous synthesis 5) Degradable chemical products 6) Safe and efficient |
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CSEC Chemistry 11th Grade
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