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Alkanes
Reactions of Carbon Compounds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functional group of alkanes | C-C single bond |
| General formula for alkane homologous series | CnH2n+2 |
| Alkanes end with the letters | ane |
| T or F. All alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. | T |
| How many carbon atoms must an alkane have in order for it to have structural isomers? | 4 or more carbons are required such that branches can be formed. |
| Name CH3CH(CH3)CH3 | 2-methylpropane |
| Name CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3 | 2-methylpentane |
| Name CH3CH2C(CH3)(CH3)CH3 | 2,2-dimethylbutane |
| Complete combustion of alkanes Alkane + oxygen --> | carbon dioxide(g) + water (g) |
| Incomplete combustion of alkanes Alkane + oxygen --> | carbon monoxide(g) + water (g) |
| Under what condition does complete combustion occur? | Plentiful supply of oxygen |
| Under what condition does incomplete combustion occur? | Limited supply of oxygen |
| Combustion reactions are exothermic. This means that | Heat energy is produced |
| Why do alkanes burn with a clear blue flame? | The ratio of carbon to hydrogen is low. All the carbons react to produce carbon dioxide or monoxide. No unreacted carbon remains. It is unreacted carbon which gives yellow, smoky appearance. |
| What happens in a substitution reaction? | Hydrogen is replaced by another atom eg. a halogen |
| What condition is necessary for a substitution reaction to occur? | Presence of light e.g. ultraviolet light |
| State three factors which can affect the rate of a substitution reaction. | 1) Light intensity (the brighter, the faster) 2) Reactivity of halogen (more reactive, faster reaction) 3) Reactivity of alkane (smaller alkane, faster reaction) |
| CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) --> (UV light above arrow) | CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g) |
| CH3Cl (g) + Cl2 (g) --> (UV light above arrow) | CH2Cl2 (l) + HCl (g) |
| CH2Cl2 (g) + Cl2 (g) --> (UV light above arrow) | CHCl3 (l) + HCl (g) |
| CHCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) --> (UV light above arrow) | CCl4 (l) + HCl (g) |
| Overall: CH4 (g) + 4Cl2 (g) --> (UV light above arrow) | CCl4 (l) + 4 HCl (g) |
| The products of halogenation of alkanes are called | haloalkanes or alkyl halides |
| Name CH2Cl2 | dichloromethane |
| Name CHCl3 | trichloromethane (chloroform) |
| Name CCl4 | tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) |
| Why are alkanes useful as fuels? | 1) They burn easily when ignited 2) They release large amounts of heat energy when combusted 3) They are burn with clear blue flame (low soot content) 4) They are stored and transported easily as liquids in containers. |
| Why are alkanes useful as solvents? | They are non-polar and therefore dissolve a variety of non-polar solutes. E.g. hexane and heptane are used as solvents in the manufacture of glues and other adhesives. |
| What is biogas? | Gas produced from the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as fuel directly or be converted to pure methane (called biomethane) by removing other gases. |
| What are three advantages of using biogas? | 1) Reduces demands on non-renewable fossil fuels 2) Recycles soil nutrients 3) Reduces the amount of waste going to garbage dumps and landfills |
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CSEC Chemistry 11th Grade
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