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Anatomy 01
week 8 - 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons | False |
| The lumbar plexus gives rise to the _____ nerve. | femoral |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? | Thoracic |
| The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of _____ pairs. | 31 |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | Brachial |
| All of the following are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except: | they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion. |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. | cervical |
| Impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum? | Reticular activating system |
| Which of the following might occur from the stimulation of parasympathetic fibers? | Increased peristalsis in the digestive tract |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | accessory. |
| If you were to damage some of the preganglionic fibers that enter the celiac ganglion, what effect would this have on sympathetic stimulation? | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation. |
| Spinal nerves are _____ fibers. | motor and sensory |
| Which is not true about sympathetic postganglionic neurons? | They produce acetylcholine. |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: | vestibulocochlear. |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: | limbic system. |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | sensory. |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. | six |
| “Fight-or-flight” physiological changes include all of the following except: | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: | medulla. |
| Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | True |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: | pia mater. |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater. |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| There are _____ ventricles in the brain. | four |
| Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? | Cervical |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? | Pineal gland |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the: | subdural space. |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The cervical plexus: | All of the above are correct. |
| The brainstem does not include the: | cerebellum. |
| The pyramids are formed in the: | medulla |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | tenth |
| Beta receptors: | bind norepinephrine. |
| Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. | False |
| Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for movements of the tongue? | Hypoglossal |
| Conduction to autonomic effectors requires only one efferent neuron. | False |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. |
| Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers. | True. |
| The areas specializing in language functions are found in the left cerebral hemisphere in: | about 90% of the population |
| Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals. | False |
| Effectors that have single innervation by the autonomic nervous system are innervated only by the parasympathetic division. | False |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial. |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body | thyroid gland |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum. |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | the thyroid |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ. |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| All of the following are granulocytes except | lymphocytes |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia. |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles. |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremity. |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys. |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves. |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves. |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis. |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | Plasma |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremities |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries |
| Platelets play an important role in | blood clotting. |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium. |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | both A and B -- Sympathetic , parasympathetic |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a | E wave. |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin. |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium. |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | Antigen's epitopes fit into and bind to an antibody molecule's antigen-binding sites |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and diapedesis |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above -- Correct |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities. |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| A tumor of the lymphoid tissue is called | lymphoma. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | Vestibule |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles. |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx. |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils. anterior nares. external nares. all of the above -- Correct |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm. | 11 |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli. |
| The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the: | trachea. |
| The small openings in the cribriform plate function to: | allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain. |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | They serve in voice production. |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air. |
| Which of the following does not distribute air? | Alveolus |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: | thyroid cartilage. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Which of the following is true of the cribriform plate? | It separates the nasal and cranial cavities. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | Distributes oxygen to cells |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage. |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx. |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the: | maxillary. |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: | epiglottis. |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: | horizontal fissure |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx. |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat. |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax |
| Which of the following is not a function of the pharynx? | Determines the quality of the voice |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum. |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| A barium enema study is used to detect and locate: | polyps. tumors. diverticula. all of the above. -- CORRECT |
| Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine? | Cecum |
| Which of the following organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion? | Esophagus |
| All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the: | mouth. |
| Which of the following structures is anatomically the longest? | Ileum |
| The longest portion of the small intestine is the: | ileum. |
| After leaving the stomach, food enters the: | small intestine. |
| Which of the following salivary glands produces only a mucus type of saliva? | Sublinguals |
| The extrinsic tongue muscles differ from the intrinsic tongue muscles in that the _____ outside the tongue. | extrinsic muscles insert into the tongue but have their origin |
| The walls of the GI tract are composed of ____ layers of tissue. | four |
| Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer that is composed of columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to enhance absorption? | Small intestine |
| The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is: | cementum. |
| The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called: | papillae. |
| The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is: | ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. |
| An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep: | serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa |
| The type of tissue designed for absorption and secretion found throughout much of the GI tract is _____ epithelium. | simple columnar |
| Bile is secreted by: | hepatic cells. |
| Phagocytic cells lining liver sinusoids are called _____ cells. | Kupffer |
| Surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as: | cholecystectomy. |
| The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the: | uvula |
| Approximately how much saliva do the three pairs of compound tubuloalveolar glands (parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals) secrete each day? | 1 liter |
| The right angle between the transverse colon and the ascending colon is the: | hepatic flexure. |
| The most essential part of bile is: | bile salts. |
| Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver? | Medial lobe |
| Microvilli can be found in the: | Both B and C are -- CORRECT large intestine, small intestine |
| The more common term for deglutition is: | swallowing. |
| The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the: | mesentery. |
| The hard palate consists of portions of: | four bones: two maxillae and two palatines. |
| Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds? | Filiform |
| The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the _____ colon. | descending |
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mandiephillips
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