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Pharmacology
Pharmacology lightbulbs combined
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Drug used for depressive illness and panic disorders | CITALOPRAM |
| Drug used for anxiety, acute panic attacks, mild sedation | LORAZEPAM |
| Drug used for psychosis & mania | OLANZAPINE |
| Drug used for depressive illness and social anxiety | MOCLOBEMIDE |
| What is the method of action of CITALOPRAM | selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI). Short term= increase in synaptic serotonin, Long term = down regulation of post-synaptic serotonin receptors |
| What is the method of action of LORAZEPAM | a benzodiazepine that acts on GABAA receptors. Potentiates effects of GABA which increases neuronal hyperpolarisation by increasing Cl- ion influx |
| What is the method of action of OLANZAPINE | 2nd generation anti-psychotic, antagonises both 5-HT2A serotonin receptors and D2 dopamine receptors. This is probably how it works in the CNS |
| What is the method of action of MOCLOBEMIDE | a selective (reversible) monoamine oxidase inhibitor which can prevent MAO-mediated clearance of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine from synaptic clefts |
| Adverse reactions of CITALOPRAM | QT interval prolongation, GI disturbances, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorders |
| Adverse reactions of LORAZEPAM | amnesia, confusion, ataxia |
| Adverse reactions of OLANZAPINE | QT interval prolongation, weight gain, insomnia, erectile dysfunction |
| Adverse reactions of MOCLOBEMIDE | confused states (agitation), dizziness, dry mouth |
| Contraindications of CITALOPRAM | if poorly controlled epileptic or pre-existing long QT interval, or manic |
| Contraindications of LORAZEPAM | if respiratory weakness, if (chronic) psychosis, if sleep apnoeic |
| Contraindications of OLANZAPINE | if cardiovascular pathologies present (seek advice from cardiology) |
| Contraindications of MOCLOBEMIDE | if thyrotoxicosis, if bipolar (may precipitate manic phase episodes) |
| Drug used for for mild pain & fever | PARACETAMOL |
| Drug used for mild pain, fever and/or with inflammation | IBUPROFEN |
| Drug used for for moderate allergies or acid reflux | ANTI-HISTAMINES |
| What is the method of action of PARACETAMOL | reversible inhibitor of prostaglandin H-synthase (PGHS) peroxidase domain; (prostaglandins normally sensitise pain responses) |
| What is the method of action of IBUPROFEN | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)- competitive inhibitor of PGHS cycle-oxygenase domain |
| What is the method of action of CETIRIZINE | histamine (H1) receptor antagonist; (suppresses hypersensitised immune responses to allergens) |
| What is the method of action of FAMOTIDINE | histamine (H2) receptor antagonist; (blocks acid secretion from gastric parietal cells) |
| Adverse reactions of PARACETAMOL | (over)-dose related hepatotoxicity. Treat with infusion of n-acetyl cysteine to restore heaptic reserves of glutathione |
| Adverse reactions of IBUPROFEN | predisposes to GI ulceration & renal dysfunction. Risk of haemorrhage if given IV from anti-platelet effects |
| Adverse reactions of CETIRIZINE | fatigue, dizziness, dry-mouth |
| Adverse reactions of FAMOTIDINE | diarrhoea, dizziness, headache |
| Contraindications of PARACETAMOL | if already in liver failure or if acute alcohol toxicity |
| Contraindications of IBUPROFEN | if history of GI bleeds or chronic kidney disease (CKD) |
| Contraindications of CETIRIZINE | if epileptic |
| Contraindications of FAMOTIDINE | may mask gastric malignancies |
| Drug used for herpes simplex & varicella zoster (Zovirax) | ACICLOVIR |
| Drug used for HnNn influenza strain viruses (Tamiflu) | OSELTAMIVIR |
| Drug used for hepatitis C infection | RIBAVIRIN |
| Drug used for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | ZIDOVUDINE |
| What is the method of action of ACICLOVIR | converted to aciclovir triphosphate inside infected cells. Acts as a guanosine analogue that blocks viral DNA polymerase and hence limits replication |
| What is the method of action of OSELTAMIVIR | liver converts to oseltamivir carboxylate which acts as competitive inhibitor of viral neuraminidase to limit release of new virus particles from infected cells |
| What is the method of action of RIBAVIRIN | viral RNA nucleoside mimetic with base-pairing promiscuity causing lethal hypermutation during viral RNA synthesis |
| What is the method of action of ZIDOVUDINE | thymidine analogue that inhibits viral reverse transcriptase which can suppress viral DNA becoming incorporated into host genome |
| Adverse reactions of ACICLOVIR | abdominal pain, diarrhoea, skin irritation/inflammation |
| Adverse reactions of OSELTAMIVIR | abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, headache |
| Adverse reactions of RIBAVIRIN | There are lots! Commonly, depression. Rarely, haemolytic anaemia |
| Adverse reactions of ZIDOVUDINE | ‘flu like symptoms, fatigue, numerous types of GI disturbances |
| Contraindications of ACICLOVIR | if elderly may cause adverse neurological symptoms or reactions |
| Contraindications of OSELTAMIVIR | if pregnant (but weigh risk/benefit in epidemic scenario) |
| Contraindications of RIBAVIRIN | if pregnant (teratogenic) or pre-exiting cardiovascular disease |
| Contraindications of ZIDOVUDINE | if patient is haemopoietically suppressed (low Hb or neutropaenic) |
| Drug used for contraction pain (‘entonox’ gas-and-air) | NITROUS OXIDE |
| Drug used for regional anaesthesia & analgesia | BUPIVACAINE |
| Drug used for strong pain not relieved BY Nitrous oxide or bupivacaine | PETHIDINE |
| Drug used for for very strong (agonising) labour pain | FENTANYL |
| Method of action of Nitrous oxide | (inhaled) stimulates endorphin secretion also acts as an anxiolytic inducing transient emotion of euphoria. |
| Method of action of Bupivacaine | (epidural space infusion) blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels in nociceptive pain fibres (and some mechanoreceptor fibres) |
| Method of action of Pethidine | (IM injection) mu-opioid receptor agonist in the CNS that inhibits pre-synaptic GABA release (also causes post-synaptic K+ efflux hyperpolarisation to attenuate neurotransmission |
| Method of actions of Fentanyl | (IV, infusion or bolus) mu-opioid receptor agonist in the CNS that inhibits pre-synaptic GABA release (same as pethidine but less drug:drug interactions) |
| Adverse reactions of Nitrous oxide | Abdominal distension, addiction, chronic (over) use may be neurologically toxic |
| Adverse reactions of Bupivacaine | cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness, convulsions (from CNS disturbance) |
| Adverse reactions of Pethidine and Fentanyl | arrhythmias, confusion, respiratory depression, constipation |
| Contraindications of Nitrous oxide | if patient has a pneumothorax or other air-cavity injury or compromise |
| Contraindications of Bupivacaine | if patient has impaired cardiac conduction (some arrhythymias), do not inject into inflamed tissues |
| Contraindications of Pethidine and Fentanyl | if patient is in acute respiratory depression or has head injury |
| Drug used as A longer lasting alternative to ibuprofen for pain with an inflammatory component | Naproxen |
| Drug used as a powerful steroid anti-inflammatory often given as an epidural injection (not an analgesic!) | TRIAMCINOLONE |
| A very strong opioid analgesic used for complicated back pain worst case scenario | Oxycodone |
| Give the MOA of naproxen | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that non-selectively inhibits PGHS-1 & 2 enzymes. |
| Give the MOA of triamcinolone | A glucocorticoid steroid analogue anti-inflammatory, with potent systemic effects. (Steroid-receptor complexes are transcriptional regulators: up-regulates anti-inflammatory mediators; down-regulates pro-inflammatory mediators) |
| Give the MOA of oxycodone | A mu-opioid receptor agonist acting in the CNS. |
| What are the ADR's of naproxen | predisposition to GI ulcers/bleeding (co-prescribe PPI cover), renal impairment (same as ibuprofen) |
| What are the ADR's of Triamcinolone | Cushing’s syndrome, weight gain, hyperglycaemia, immune suppression (steroid so this makes sense) |
| What are the ADR's of Oxycodone | constipation, nausea, respiratory depression, dependence |
| What are the contraindications for Naproxen | if already on NSAIDs, if renally impaired, if gastric ulcer |
| What are the contraindications for Triamcinolone | if Cushing’s, if diabetic, if GI ulcer with no PPI cover, if already immunosuppressed |
| What are the contraindications for Oxycodone | if respiratory depression, if raised ICP/head injury, if already taking an opioid |
Created by:
jessgreg73
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