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Embryo Ch. 1 & 2
From Book "Before We Are Born"
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oocyte or egg or ovum | female germ (sex cell) produced in ovaries. |
| Secondary oocyte | “mature ovum” |
| Sperm or spermatozoon | male germ produced in testes. Expelled through urethra |
| Zygote | celled formed by union of oocyte and sperm. |
| Fertilized ovum refers to | 2ndary oocyte that has been impregnated by a sperm to become zygote |
| Fertilization Age or Conception cannot | be observseved in vivo (in living body) |
| Fertilization is calcuted from | the first day of the last normal menstrual period minus 2 weeks. |
| Cleavage | mitotic cell division of the zygote from embryonic cells |
| Blastomeres | cells that continue to divide and become smaller w/ each division. |
| Morula | ball of cells resulting from cleavage (when 12 to 32 blastomeres form); approx 3 days after fertilization. |
| Blastocyst | is formed from morula when blastocystic cavity (fluid filled cavity) is formed inside morula. Blastocyst contains an inner cell mass (EMBRYOBLAST) that will form the embryo. |
| Embryo | developing human in earl stages (until 8th week when all major structures appear). |
| Conceptus | entire products of conception (from fertiliz to placenta) |
| Primordium or Anlage | first discernible indication of an organ. |
| Fetus | after 8 weeks. Fetal period 9 weeks to birth. Differentiation and growth of the tissues and organs. |
| Puberty begins | when secondary sex characteristics begin to appear 12- 15 in girls and 13- 16 in boys. |
| Menarche | first menstruation 8-11 yrs; done by 16. |
| Gametes or sex cells in the sexes are called | Oocyte, girls and sperm boys |
| When an oocyte and and sperm come together they form | zygote |
| The Vagina is | excretory passage for menstrual fluid and receives penis |
| The Hymen is | thin fold of mucous membrane surrounding vaginal orifice |
| Ovaries are located in the | pelvic cavity, one on each side; produce oocytes |
| Uterus is what shape? Where is the body and the cervix? | pear shaped organ. the body is the expanded superior 2/3rds. the Cervix is cylindrical inferior third |
| Fundus | rounded part of uterine body lies superior to uterine tubes |
| Isthmus | constricted region b/w the body and cervix |
| Cervical canal | lumen of cervix |
| Internal os | superior communicates w/ cavity of body |
| External os | inferior communicates w/ vagina |
| What are the Walls of Body of the Uterus made of? | 1. Perimetrium – thin external layer of peritoneum 2. Myometrium – thick smooth muscle layer 3. Endometrium - thin inner mucous membrane 4-5 mm thick. During luteal phase can be distinguished |
| What are the 3 types of connective tissue in the uterus? | Compact – densely packed connective tissue Spongy – edematous connective tissue Basal – blind ends of uterine glands; own blood supply |
| What layers shed during menstration? | Compact and spongy are shed during menstruation |
| Uterine tubes | extend laterally from the horns of uterus; 10-12 com long. Carry oocytes from ovaries and sperm from uterus to the ampulla. |
| What are the parts of the Utering tubes? | Fibria, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Uterine Part |
| Fimbria | closest to ovary |
| Infundibulum | superior to fimbria |
| Ampulla | fertilization site |
| Isthmus | |
| Uterine part | connecting to cavity of uterus |
| Ovaries | pear shaped; each side of uterus; produce estrogen, progesterone and oocytes |
| Female Sex Organs | Vulva/pudendum, labia majora & minora, clitoris, , hymen and vestibule of the vulva (cleft b/w the labia minora) |
| Male sex organs | testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, penis, erectile tissue |
| Testes | has many highly coiled seminifouerous tubules that produce sperm. |
| Epididymis | store and mature the sperm; receives from testes |
| Ductus deferens | carries sperms to ejaculatory duct from epididymis |
| Ejaculatory duct | located in pelvis; enters urethra |
| Penis and erectile tissue | causes penis to become erect by filling 3 layers of e.t. with blood for easy insertion during sex |
| Gametogenesis is | formation of sex cells by wh/ specializes gametes are formed. |
| Gametes are | contain half the number of required chromosomes (23) |
| Meiosis consists | of two cell divisions to reduce the number of chromosomes from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid). |
| Explain the First division of meoisis | Chromosomes reduced from diploid to haploid and Homologous chromosomes ( one from each parent, same chromo but w/ diff genetic info) pair up in Prophase I and then separate in Anaphase I |
| What is the term for the separation of paired homologous chromos? | Physical basis of segregation |
| Explain the Second division of Meosis | 1. Follows first div w/out a normal Interphase (no DNA replication) 2. Each chromo divides and each half (chromatid) is drawn to opposite pole of meiotic spindle 3. Each daughter cell has haploid # with 1 represent of each chromo pair (now a single chrom |
| Meoisis Provides | 1.constancy of chromo # 2. Allows random assortment of maternal and paternal chromos 2.Shuffles genes and produces a recombo of genetic material by crossing over of chromo segments |
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