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Brandi Sizemore
Sherpath Week 3 Thermoregulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the mechanism by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the outside of the body and the blood and further exchanged between the blood and cells. | Respiration |
| the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the lungs or inhaling and exhaling. | Ventilation |
| the exchange of oxygen between alveoli and red blood cells. | Diffusion |
| is the movement of red blood cells carrying oxygen to tissues and cells (capillary bed) and the removal of carbon dioxide. | Perfusion |
| The cerebral cortex of the brain allows | voluntary control of breathing |
| Chemoreceptors located throughout the body stimulate | respiratory centers in the medulla and pons. |
| Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries react to | hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). |
| Receptors in the medulla react to | high levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and changes in pH. |
| Stretch receptors in the lungs and receptors in muscles and joints | provide input to the medulla and pons. |
| Respiration and ventilation are assessed by measuring: | 1. Respiratory rate (breaths per minute, BPM, or bpm); 12 to 20 bpm is optimal for an adult 2. Respiratory depth (shallow, normal, deep) 3. Respiratory rhythm (regular, labored, irregular) 4. |
| Diaphragmatic breathing results from | contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm. |
| Diffusion and perfusion are | assessed by measuring oxygen saturation. |
| Oxygen saturation reflects the amount of | oxygen that actually enters the bloodstream. |
| Rate” is | expressed as breaths per minute. |
| Acceptable Ranges of Respiratory Rate | Age Rate SpO2 Newborn 30-80 >95% 1 year old 24-40 >95% 6 years old 15-25 >95% 15 years old 15-20 >95% Adult 12-20 >95% Older adult 15-20 >95% |
| The process of assessing respirations includes The patient’s normal respiratory pattern provides a baseline, which is used to identify later alterations if they occur. | 1. measuring the breathing rate 2. depth 3. rhythm. |
| Eupnea | refers to normal respiratory rate and depth. |
| Bradypnea | is a decrease in respiratory rate to less than 10 bpm in an adult patient. |
| Tachypnea | is an increase in respiratory rate to more than 24 bpm in an adult patient. |
| Hypoventilation | consists of shallow respirations, usually associated with drug overdoses, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cervical spine injuries, and obesity. |
| Hyperventilation | refers to a deep, rapid respiration pattern. It is associated with conditions such as anxiety, stress, lung disease, and hard exercise. |
| Apnea | Respiratory quality can be influenced by the absence of breathing. Brain damage occurs after 4 to 6 minutes of apnea. |
| Dyspnea | is difficult or labored breathing. It can also be a rapid, shallow pattern of breathing that is painful. |
| Orthopnea | is difficulty breathing experienced in a position other than sitting or standing. |
| Environmental or physiological factors may cause increases or decreases in respiratory rate and depth. | Age, Excercise, Illness processes, Acid Base Balance, Medications, Pain and Emotions |
| Oxygenation | refers to the process of adding oxygen to the body. |
| Ventilation | is the process of inhaling and exhaling. |
| The principal means of measuring oxygenation is by using a _____________ ___________(preferably clipped to a fingertip), which registers a spectral analysis of oxygenated and reduced hemoglobin. | pulse oximeter |
| __________ _____________ is the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen in the arteries, usually between 95% and 100%. | Oxygen saturation |
| f the preferred site for the measurement is not appropriate, alternate sites ________, __________ and __________ may be used. | (earlobe, toe, and nose) |
| Ventilation is | assessed by observing the chest rise, noting lung compliance, and measuring respiratory rate. |
| Vigilance must be maintained when | assessing the patient’s respiratory rate, especially when abnormalities in vital signs or changes in respiratory measurements are present. |
| The primary sign indicative of decreased oxygen saturation levels is __________, or the bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. | cyanosis |
| Symptoms of low oxygen saturation are listed below: | 1. Altered state of consciousness 2. Altered mental status 3. Altered activity tolerance |
| Which statement describes respiration? | The mechanism by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the outside of the body and the blood and further exchanged between the blood and cells. |
| Match the mechanism of involuntary breathing control with the corresponding action. | 1. React to hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) - Chemoreceptors in aortic arch, carotid arteries 2. React to high levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), changes in pH - Receptors in medulla 3. Provide input to medulla, po |
| Which statement describes dyspnea? | Difficult or labored breathing |
| Which range reflects normal values for oxygen saturation? | 95% to 100% |
| Which factors can compromise a pulse oximetry reading? | 1. Jaundice 2. Peripheral edema 3. Some fingernail polishes 4. Cold or injury to extremities |
| Mr. Faber, a 67-year-old male, is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness. His vital signs are: temperature 37.2℃ (99℉); pulse 84 regular; respiration rate 32 shallow and labored; BP 150/92. | Part A Physical Signs and Symptoms What physical observations of Mr. Faber are associated with an alteration in ventilation and oxygenation? Pale face and palms (pallor) Decreased level of consciousness Heavy breathing\ Part B Medical History |
| Tachypnea | Description: Breathing rate increased (>24 bpm), with quick Contribution: shallow breaths Fever, exercise, anxiety, respiratory disorders |
| Bradypnea | Description: Breathing rate abnormally slow (<10 bpm) Contribution: Increased intracranial pressure, brain damage, medications that depress respiratory center |
| Hyperventilation | Description: Overexpansion of the lungs, characterized by rapid and deep breaths Contribution: Extreme exercise, fear, anxiety, diabetic ketoacidosis, aspirin overdose |
| Hypoventilation | Description: Underexpansion of the lungs, characterized by shallow, slow respirations Contribution: Drug overdose, head injury |
| Cheyne-Stokes Respirations | Description:Rhythmic respiration, going from very deep to very shallow or apneic periods Contribution:Heart failure, renal failure, drug overdose, increased intracranial pressure, impending death |
| Kussmaul’s Breathing | Description: Respiration abnormally deep, regular, and increased in rate Contribution: Diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Apnea | Description:Absence of breathing for several seconds Contribution: Respiratory distress, obstructive sleep apnea |
| Biot’s Breathing | Description: Respiration abnormally shallow for two or three breaths, followed by irregular period of apnea Contribution: Meningitis, severe brain injury |
| A nurse is examining a patient in the emergency department (ED) who presents with symptoms of heat exhaustion and has a temperature of 102.9°F. The nurse feels the patient’s wet skin and observes the patient shivering. Which action should the nurse take f | Give the patient intravenous fluids to replace lost electrolytes. |
| Which parts of the human body are most vulnerable to frostbite? | 1. Toes 2. Ear lobes 3. Tip of nose |
| The nurse is caring for a patient with a temperature of 38.5°C. What symptoms might he or she observe? | Shivering Hot, dry skin Decreased urinary output |
| Which features are signs of hypothermia? | Drowsiness Pale and cool skin Decreased urinary output |
| Hyperthermia related to | infectious process, as evidenced by temperature of 40°C (104°F). |
| Hypothermia related to exposure | to below-freezing temperature without adequate clothing, as evidenced by temperature of 93.6°F. |
| Thermoregulation Ineffective Thermoregulation related to | premature infant of 32 weeks’ gestation, as evidenced by inability to maintain temperature within normal range. |
| Risk for Imbalanced Body Temperature as a. | result of trauma of the brain causing damage to the hypothalamus |
Created by:
Brandi Sizemore
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