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UNIT 2: The Atom
The Atom and Periodic table
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atomic Radius | The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding shells of electrons. |
| Chemical Family | Chemical Family means a group of elements in the Periodic Table or, more commonly, compounds that share certain physical and chemical characteristics and have a common name. |
| EM Spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies. |
| Electronegativity | Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence e |
| Frequency | Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also occasionally referred to as temporal frequency to emphasize the contrast to spatial frequency, and ordinary frequency to emphasize the contrast to angular frequency |
| Ionic Radius | Ionic radius is the radius of a mono atomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. Although neither atoms nor ions have sharp boundaries, they are sometimes treated as if they were hard spheres |
| Ionization Energy | In physics and chemistry, ionization energy or ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule. |
| Isotopes | Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number and position in the periodic table, and that differ in nucleon numbers due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. |
| Planck's Constant | The dimension of Planck's constant is the product of energy multiplied by time, a quantity called action. Planck's constant is often defined, therefore, as the elementary quantum of action. Its value in metre-kilogram-second units is defined as exactly 6. |
| Valence e- | In chemistry and physics, a valence electron is an electron in the outer shell associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contri |
| Wavelength | Definition: Wavelength can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave. ... Description: Wavelength is the distance from one crest to another, or from one trough to another, of a wave (which may be an electromagnetic wave |
| Alkali Metals | The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium. Together with hydrogen they constitute group 1, which lies in the s-block of the periodic table. |
| Alkaline Earth | The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive me |
| Atom | It is composed of protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge. Protons, neutrons, and the electrons surrounding them are long-lived particles present in all ordinary, naturally occurring atoms. Other subatomic particles may b |
| Atomic # | The atomic number or proton number of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus. |
| Average Atomic Mass | The average atomic mass (sometimes called atomic weight) of an element is the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. Average masses are generally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), where 1 u is equal to |
| Electrons | The electron is a subatomic particle, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known componen |
| Electron Affinity | The electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion. |
| Halogens | The halogens are a group in the periodic table consisting of five or six chemically related elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine (I), and astatine. The artificially created element 117, tennessine, may also be a halogen. In the modern IUPAC nomen |
| Mass # | Mass is the amount of matter or substance that makes up an object. It is measured in units called kilograms, which can be abbreviated kg. ... Mass always stays the same, while weight changes with changes in gravity. |
| Neutrons | The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰ , which has a neutral charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. |
| Whole Gases | Gases are the phase of matter in which particles are usually very far apart from one another, move very quickly, and aren't particularly attracted to one another. Because the molecules in a gas are so far apart from one another, gases are much less dense |
| Oxidation | Redox is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. Redox reactions are characterized by the actual or formal transfer of electrons between chemical species, most often with one species undergoing oxidation while anoth |
| Photon | The photon is a type of elementary particle. It is the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they always move a |
| Proton | A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p⁺ , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred |
| Speed of Light | speed of light, speed at which light waves propagate through different materials. In particular, the value for the speed of light in a vacuum is now defined as exactly 299,792,458 metres per second. ... The speed of light is considered a fundamental const |
| Transition Metals | In chemistry, the term transition metal has three possible definitions: The IUPAC definition defines a transition metal as "an element whose atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell" |
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