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FOHA
Week 3 Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | The basic building blocks of all living things |
| All living things are made of cells, are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism, come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division) | Cell Theory |
| Nucleus | Genetic center of the cell |
| Nucleus consist of | Karyoplasm, Chromatin, Nucleolus |
| Cell consist of | Plasma membrane, an inner Cytoplasm with numerous, Organelles and the Nucleus |
| Parts of the Cell | Lysosome, Ribosomes, Centriole, Nucleus, Microfilaments, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondrion, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus |
| It helps to main the cell shape | Cytoskeleton |
| Help move organelles | Cytoskeleton |
| Are threadlike and made of ACTIN | Microfilaments |
| Are tube like and made of TUBULIN | Microtubules |
| Cytoskeleton consist of | Microtubules and Microfilaments |
| Organelles | Very small, Perform various functions for a cell |
| Where does organelles found | Cytoplasm |
| Is it true that organelles can may or may not be membrane-bound | True |
| Mitochondrion (Plural = Mitochondria) | "Powerhouse" of the cell |
| It generate cellular energy also known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | Mitochondria |
| It the site of Cellular Respiration (burning glucose) | Mitochondria |
| It is true that More active cells, like muscles cells have More Mitochondria | True |
| It receives protein made by ER, Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends. Also a Stack of flattened sacs | Golgi Apparatus |
| Golgi Apparatus have? | Have a shipping side (cis face) and a receiving side (trans face) |
| Ribosomes | Made of Proteins and rRNA |
| Also known as Protein Factories for cell | Ribosomes |
| It joins the amino acids to make proteins through protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Does Ribosomes can be attached to Rough ER or be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm | Ribosomes |
| Has Ribosomes on its surface . It also make membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) |
| What does Protein made of | Made by ribosomes on ER surface |
| Functions of Smooth ER | Makes membrane lipids (steroids). Regulated calcium (muscle cells). Destroy toxic substances (Liver) |
| Sacs that hold liquids. Phagocytic vesicles ingest material into the cell | Vessicles |
| What does lysosomes contain | Contain of digest enzymes |
| Lysosomes Function | Breakdown food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts. Lyse and release enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts |
| Programmed for cell death (Apoptosis) | Lysosome |
| Lysosome Digestion | Cells take in food by phagocytosis, Lysosome digest the food and get rid of wastes |
| Peroxisomes | Degrade hydrogen peroxide in the cell |
| Found only in animal cell | Centrioles |
| Paired structure near nucleus. Made of bundle of microtubules. | Centrioles |
| Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle | Centrioles |
| It helps to pull chromosomes pair apart to opposite ends of the cell | Centrioles |
| Cell or Plasma Membrane | Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins. Surrounds outside of all cells. |
| Control what enters or leaves the cell and it is a Living layer | Cell or Plasma Membrane |
| Heads of the Phospholipids contains | Contains glycerol and phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water) |
| What part of the Phospholipids are Hydrophilic | Head |
| Tails of the Phospholipids are made of | Made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel water) |
| What part of the Phospholipids are Hydrophobic | Tails |
| It make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other | Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, and H2O to enter) |
| Is the cell membrane liquid | Yes, since molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing |
| Proteins that are attached on the surface (inner or outer) | Peripheral |
| Proteins that are embedded completely through the membrane | Integral |
| It helps move large molecules or aid in cell recognition | Protein/ Cell Membrane Proteins |
| Found outside of the cell membrane, Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria | Cell Wall |
| Nonliving layer, Supports and protects cell | Cell Wall |
| Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane | Cytoplasm |
| Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place, Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs | Cytoplasm |
| Controls the normal activities of the cell, Contains the DNA in chromosomes | Nucleus |
| Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores, Usually the largest organelle | Nucleus |
| Double membrane surrounding nucleus, Also called nuclear membrane | Nuclear Envelope |
| Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus | Nuclear Envelope |
| The genetic material (DNA) is found in | Chromatin and Chromosomes |
| DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as ______________ in dividing cells | Chromosomes |
| DNA is spread out And appears as _____________ in non-dividing cells | Chromatin |
| Is the hereditary material of the cell | DNA |
| Inside nucleus, Disappears when cell divides, and Makes ribosomes that make proteins | Nucleolus |
| What is inside the Nucleus | Chromatin, Envelope, Pore, Nucleolus |
| Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface | Cilia & Flagella |
| Are shorter and more numerous on cells | Cilia |
| Are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells | Flagella |
| forms the secretory portion (parenchyma) of glands and their ducts. | Epithelium |
| an avascular tissue composed of cells that cover the exterior body surfaces and line internal closed cavities (including the vascular system) and body tubes that communicate with the exterior (the alimentary, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts). | Ephithelium |
| What term is one layer in tissues | Simple |
| What term is more than one layer in tissues | Stratified |
| False layered (appears to be more than one layer, but only one) | Pseudostratified |
| What term or cell shape is this: flat | Squamous |
| What term or cell shape is this: cube | Cuboidal |
| What term or cell shape is this: rectangular (column) | Columnar |
| What term or cell shape is this: ability to change shape | Transitional |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: lungs | Simple squamous epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: kidneys | Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: small intestine | Simple columnar epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: mouth lining | Stratified squamous epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: salivary glands, sweat glands | Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: male reproductive tract | Stratified columnar epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: bladder | Transitional epithelial tissue |
| What type of epithelial tissues covers this organ: trachea lining | Columnar epithelial tissue |
| Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei. | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Secretion and absorption | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells) | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active. | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch | Transitional epithelium |
| Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine | Transitional epithelium |
| Glands | Exocrine, Endocrine, Goblet cell, Apocrine, Merocrine, Holocrine, |
| is a varied group of associated tissues, all of which are derived from an embryonic tissue known as mesenchyme | Connective Tissue |
| has fibers and a large amount of background substance called matrix | Connective Tissue |
| What type of connective tissue supports structures that it surrounds | Loose Connective Tissue |
| What type of connective tissue that is highly fibrous (collagen); little vascularization ground substance, or cells; reinforces and binds structures | Dense Connective Tissue |
| Specialized Connective Tissue | Cartilage, Bone, Blood |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Connective Tissue |
| Most common type of connective tissue, Acts to support and cushion organs and other delicate structures, Predominant cell is fibroblast | Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar |
| Found beneath skin, between muscles, behind eyeballs, on heart surface, around joints, in bone marrow, in abdomen, Energy storage, insulator, shock absorber | Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose |
| Framework for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, called stroma, Contains only one type of fiber: reticular | Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular |
| Makes up tendons and ligaments, fascia, Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, Little vascularization, slow to heal | Dense Connective Tissue: Regular |
| Found in dermis, organ capsules, Forms tough capsule of joints | Dense Connective Tissue: Irregular |
| Beneath transitional epithelium in urinary tract, High concentration of elastic fibers, Found in areas of the body that require stretching: Stomach, large airways, artery walls, bladder, between vertebrae | Elastic Connective Tissue |
| 3 types of cartilage | Elastic Cartilage, Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, |
| Collagen fibers and calcium salts | Matrix |
| tiny channels through matrix that allows osteocytes to communicate | Canaliculi |
| chambers where osteocytes reside | Lacunae |
| (channels in bone that carry blood supply and nerves) | Blood Supply- Haversian canals |
| Also called osseous connective tissue, Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue | Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone |
| Forms animal’s frame, protects organs, calcium reserve, fat storage, blood cell production | Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone |
| Most atypical type of connective tissue, Carries nutrients and gases through the body | Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood |
| Erythrocytes | RBC |
| Leukocytes | WBC |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets |
| Specialized tissue found in animals which functions by contracting, thereby applying forces to different parts of the body | Muscle Tissue |
| 3 types of muscle tissue | 3 types of muscle tissue, smooth, cardiac, |
| Classification of Muscle Cells | Striated vs. Nonstriated striated have a banded appearance (stripes), Single nucleus or multinucleated cells, Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily (consciously) or involuntarily (automatically), |
| Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers, Give it flexibility, ability to bend, Found in pinnae, ear canal, epiglottis | Elastic Cartilage |
| Most common type of cartilage found in body, Found as articular cartilage at end of long bones and joints and connects ribs to the sternum, Most rigid type of cartilage, Closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone. | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Tough, specialized connective tissue. May be called gristle, More rigid than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone., Prevents bones from rubbing against each other | Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage |
| Fluid gives nutrients to the chondrocytes, which live in pockets called | Lacunae |
| Fluid allows cartilage to be resilient and | Withstand Comprehession |
| Receives nutrition from perichondrium, Does not contain nerves or blood vessels | Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage |
| Sheets of collagen run or stacked in different directions, Single sheet that can withstand force from many different directions | Dense Connective Tissue: Irregular |
| What do you call the framework for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow | Stroma |
| Commonly known as fat, Highly vascularized areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominate | Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose |
| Found throughout body, swells the cell and pushes the organelles and nucleus to the side and compresses the cytosol to a rim | White (Adipose) |
| Found in newborns and hibernating animals, Site of heat production, temperature regulation | Brown (Adipose) |
| Has “open” spaces that are filled with fluid and viscous ground substance, Filling of open spaces during trauma is called edema | Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar |
| Accessory Structures of the Skin | Glands, Hair, Nails, |
| Two Types of Glands | Sebaceous glands, Sudoriferous glands |
| What are the 3 Glands under Sudoriferous glands | Eccrine, Apocrine, Modified sweat glands |
| Types of Cells in the Epidermis | Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells |
| Whose function is this in the types of cells in the epidermis: Produces keratin | Keratinocytes |
| Whose function is this in the types of cells in the epidermis: Produces melanin | Melanocytes |
| Whose function is this in the types of cells in the epidermis: Together with helper T cells in immune responses | Langerhans Cells |
| Whose function is this in the types of cells in the epidermis: Touch sensation | Merkel Cells |
| Layers of the Skin | Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous – Hypodermis |
| Outer layer of the Skin | Epidermis |
| Also known as "True Skin" | Dermis |
| Five Layers of Epidermis | Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale |
| Two Layer of Dermis | Superficial Papillary layer, Deep Reticular layer |
| What layer of Dermis contains this: Fingerprints and footprints | Superficial Papillary layer |
| What layer of Dermis contains this: | Consist of collagen and elastic fibers |
| Contains Pacinian corpuscles | Subcutaneous – Hypodermis |
| Protection, Temperature Regulation, Vitamin D Production, Secretion and Excretion | Integumentary System |
| Dendrites Structure | Short, tapering processes, |
| They are the receptive, or input, regions of the neuron | Dendrites |
| Two principal cell types of the nervous system | Neurons, Neuroglias (glial) |
| Cells that surround and wrap neurons, Provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons | Neuroglias (glial) |
| Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals | Neurons |
| Segregate and insulate neurons, Guide young neurons to the proper connections, Promote health and growth | Neuroglia |
| Are small and pointed at their ends, can divide and regenerate new cells | Smooth Muscle Cells |
| Non-striated, involuntary, and single nucleus, found in hollow organs like the intestine, bladder, lungs, and blood vessels | Smooth Muscle Cells |
| Move substances through hollow opening by contracting slowly; they squeeze things through like a tube of toothpaste | Smooth Muscle Cells |
| Are called “cardiocytes” and found in heart walls, branching cells connect at intercalated disks which allow contractions to occur faster | Cardiac Muscle Cells |
| Are regulated by pacemaker cells which control contraction of the heart muscles, striated, involuntary, and single nucleus | Cardiac Muscle Cells |
| Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated, are long, thin and cylindrical; they are attached to bones and move our skeleton | Skeletal Muscle Cells |
| Are usually called “muscle fibers", do not divide to create new cells | Skeletal Muscle Cells |
| Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells, Maintain blood-brain barrier | Astrocytes |
| Provide structural framework for the neuron, Control the chemical environment, Repair damaged neural tissue | Astrocytes |
| Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes | Microglia |
| Range in shape from squamous to columnar, They line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column | Ependymal cells |
| Oligodendrocytes | branched cells |
| Wraps of oligodendrocytes processes around nerve fibers, Insulates the nerve fibers | Myelin |
| Surround neuron cell bodies located within the ganglia, Regulate the environment around the neurons | Satellite cells |
| Neuroglia of the PNS | Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes), Satellite cells |
| Neuroglia of the CNS | Microglia, Ependymal cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes |
| Composed of a body, axon, and dendrites, Long-lived, amitotic, and have a high metabolic rate | Neurons (Nerve Cells) |
| Two types of processes in Neurons or Nerve Cells | Axon and Dendrites |
| Myelinated axons are called what in Neurons (Nerve Cell) process | Called TRACTS in the CNS and NERVES in the PNS |
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