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Ch.20 - The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the name of the cavity within the chest where the heart is located? | mediastinum |
| What is the apex of the heart? | the pointed end formed by the left ventricle |
| What is the base of the heart? | the posterior surface of the heart |
| What is the name of the membrane the surrounds and protects the heart? | pericardium |
| What are the names of the three layers of the pericardium and where are they located? | The superficial layer is the fibrous pericardium. The next deepest layer is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. The deepest layer is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, which adheres to the surface of the heart (epicardium). |
| What is found between the parietal layer of the serous pericardium and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium? What is the purpose of this substance? | Pericardial fluid prevents friction between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the serous pericardium. |
| What is the name of space found between the parietal layer of the serous pericardium and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium? | The space containing the pericardial fluid is known as the pericardial cavity. |
| What are the names of the three layers of the heart wall and what are they made of? | The (1) epicardium (which is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium); (2) the myocardium, which is cardiac muscle, and (3) the endocardium. |
| What are the names of the chambers of the heart and where are they located? | The superior chambers are the atria (singular is atrium) and the posterior chambers are the ventricles. |
| What is the name of the pouch-like structures found on the anterior surface of each atrium? | auricles |
| What are the names of the blood vessels that bring blood to the right atrium? | superior vena cava and inferior vena cava |
| What is the name for the grooves found on the external surface of the heart? | Sulci (plural) (sulcus is singular) |
| What is the name of the partition found between the two atria? | interatrial septum |
| What is the fossa ovalis? | an oval depression in the interatrial septum that is a remnant of the fossa ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of a fetal heart that closes soon after birth |
| What is the name of the valve found between the right atrium and right ventricle? | tricuspid valve |
| What are the leaflets of the tricuspid valve (and all valves of the heart) called? | cusps or leaflets |
| What are the chordae tendineae and what are they attached to? | tendon-like cords that attach the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles |
| What is the name of the partition between the right ventricle and the left ventricle? | intervetnricular septum |
| What is the name of the valve that the blood passes through as it leaves the right ventricle? | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| What blood vessels transport the blood once it leaves the right ventricle? | pulmonary trunk which divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries |
| Describe the location of the papillary muscles. | The papillary muscles are found in the left and right ventricles. |
| The left atrium receives blood from which blood vessels? | pulmonary veins |
| Which ventricle of the heart is thicker? | the left ventricle is thicker (more muscular) than the right ventricle |
| Why is the left ventricle thicker (more muscular) than the right ventricle? | The left ventricle has to pump blood through the entire body (other than the lungs) whereas the right ventricle just has to pump the blood to the lungs and back to the heart. |
| What is the general name for valves that are found between the atria and ventricles? | atrioventricular valves |
| Describe what happens to the position of the cusps, the chordae tendineae, and the papillary muscles when blood flows from the atria into the ventricles and when the ventricles contract. | When blood flows from the atria to the ventricles, the cusps are pointing downward into the ventricles, the chordae tendineae are slack and the papillary muscles are relaxed. |
| escribe what happens to the position of the cusps, the chordae tendineae, and the papillary muscles when the ventricles contract. | When the ventricles contract, the cusps move upward so that their edges meet and the opening between the cusps closes. The papillary muscles contract, which pulls on and tightens the chordae tendineae. |
| What is the purpose of the semilunar valves? | The purpose of the semilunar valves is to prevent blood from reentering the ventricles. The semilunar valves close when the ventricles relax. They close because blood backflows toward the ventricles when the ventricles relax. |
| What is the name of one of the two circuits that blood flows through? | The systemic circuit, which includes the left ventricle, aorta, systemic arteries, arterioles, systemic capillaries, systemic venules, systemic veins, and right atrium. |
| What is the name of the other circuit that blood flows through? | The pulmonary circuit includes the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, and the left atrium. |
| Describe when the blood is oxygenated as it passes through the various parts of the two circuits. | The blood is oxygenated as it moves from the pulmonary capillaries, through the pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, systemic arteries, arterioles, and systemic capillaries. |
| Describe when the blood is deoxygenated as it passes through the various parts of the two circuits. | The blood is deoxygenated as it moves out of the systemic capillaries, systemic venules, systemic veins, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and as it enters the pulmonary capillaries. |
| What is the name of the circulation that supplies the heart muscle with blood? | coronary circulation |
| What are anastomoses and what is their purpose? | An anastomosis is a network of blood vessel resulting in a variety of arteries and veins serving the same area of tissue. It acts as a backup route for blood to flow if a blood vessel is blocked. |
| Define myocardial ischemia. | an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to meet the metabolic demands of the heart muscle |
| Define angina pectoris. | a pain or pressure in the chest caused by inadequate blood flow and oxygenation to heart muscle |
| Define myocardial infarction. | the loss of living heart muscle as a result of blockage of a coronary artery. |
| What are the names of the connections between cardiac muscle cells. | intercalated discs |
| What is the purpose of intercalated discs? | They allow action potentials (nerve messages) to travel quickly from one cardiac muscle cell to the next. |
| What do autorhythmic cells in the heart do. | They repeatedly generate action potentials (electrical signals) that trigger heart contractions. |
Created by:
jjohnsonwbc
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