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Concept Dis. Ch 5
Immunity, Hypersensitivity, Allergy & Autoimmune Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| defense mechanisms for dealing w/pathogenic microorganisms & other harmful substances | inflammatory response & acquired immunity |
| nonspecific response to any harmful agent, includes phagocytosis by neutrophils & macrophages | inflammatory reaction |
| develops after contact with pathogenic defense mechanisms for dealing w/pathogenic microorganisms & is capacity to react to lrg # of foreign antigens | acquired immunity |
| humoral & cell-mediated immunity are the 2 types | of acquired immunity |
| humoral immunity | assoc w/production of antibodies that can combine w/& eliminate forge in material(s) |
| humoral immunity is body's major defense against | many bacteria & bacterial toxins |
| cell-mediated immunity | characterized by formation of population of lymphocytes to attack/destroy foreign material |
| cell-mediated immunity is a mechanism | by which body rejects transplanted organs & eliminates abnormal cells arising during cell division |
| acquired immunity is often associated w/stage of altered reactivity to bacterial products/foreign material leading to | intense inflammatory reaction at site of contact w/antigen |
| hypersensitivity | state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material |
| person who displays hypersensitivity to antigen/its products usually possesses | some degree of immunity as well |
| many disease are associated w/development of an acquired immunity without | being capable of demonstrating hypersensitivity |
| normally people develop immune response to | non-self antigens |
| lymphocytes accidentally programmed to react to self-antigen, during prenatal development are | destroyed/inactivated suppressing their function |
| autoantibodies | antibody formed against one's own cells/tissue components |
| autoimmune diseases | associated with formation of cell-mediated or humoral immunity against one's own cells or tissue components |
| when our immune system attacks us it produces | groups of destructive lymphocytes & injurious antibodies directed against own cells/tissues |
| autoimmune disease can cause | considerable organ/tissue damage |
| important cells of immune system that respond to foreign antigens are lymphocytes and | macrophages/related cells that process antigen & present to lymphocytes |
| immune system cells communicate & product their effect by secreting | soluble peptide(protein) messengers |
| lymphokines | soluble substance (cytokine) liberated by lymphocytes |
| cytokines | gen. term for any protein secreted by cells that functions as intercellular messenger, influencing cells of immune system |
| secreted by macrophages & monocytes, lymphocytes & other cells | cytokines |
| monokines | soluble substance (cytokine) liberated by monocytes |
| interferons | broad-spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in body |
| interleukins | chemical messenger that sends regulatory signals between cells of immune system |
| Interleukin-2 | lymphokine stimulating growth of lymphocytes |
| tumor necrosis factors | cytokine that can destroy foreign/abnormal cells |
| named because they can destroy tumor cells, by functions not restricted to only tumor cells | tumor necrosis factors |
| precursor cells of lymphocytes are initially formed from | stem cells in bone marrow |
| development of lymphocytes into their two groups depends on | where they undergo further development & "learn" their functions |
| where they undergo further development & "learn" their functions is a process called | developing immune competence |
| precursor cells that migrate to thymus for maturation/development into cells forming a specific lymphocyte called | T (thymus-dependent) lymphocytes |
| T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte associated with | cell-mediated immunity |
| lymphoid cells remaining within bone marrow to differentiate & develop are destined to become | B (bone-marrow) lymphocytes |
| B lymphocytes are a lymphocyte that differentiates into | plasma cells |
| B lymphocytes are associated with | humoral immunity |
| rearrangement of genes within developing B & T lymphocytes is programming process by which | lymphocytes acquire immune competence |
| antigen receptors of B lymphocytes are | immunoglobulin molecules |
| immunoglobulins are | antibodies |
| T lymphocyte receptors develop differently but serve | same functions as those on B cells |
| single lymphocyte can respond to | only a single antigen |
| before birth B&T cells migrate and proliferate to form masses of mature lymphocytes in | the spleen, lymph nodes & other lymphoid sites |
| CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens | classify T cells into 2 groups based on protein molecules |
| lymphocytes containing CD4 antigens are called | T4 lymphocytes |
| lymphocytes containing CD8 antigens are called | T8 lymphocytes |
| lymphocytes do not remain localized, they continually re-circulate btwn | bloodstream & various lymphoid tissues |
| ___ of circulating lymphocytes are T lymphocytes | 2/3 |
| natural killer cells (NK cells) | lymphocytes capable of destroying foreign or abnormal cells without prior contact w/cells |
| major targets of NK cells are | cancer cells & virus-infected cells |
| destroy target cells as soon as encountered, by secreting destructive lymphokines | NK cells |
| NK cells are on related to, but not part of, cell-mediated immunity because they | activate & function more effectively when stimulated by lymphokines secreted by T cells |
| NK cells are on related to, but not part of, humoral immunity because some types | possess cell membrane receptors for antibody molecules, making it easier to attach/destroy target cells coated w/antibodies |
| macrophages are monocytes that have left bloodstream to take-up residence in tissues throughout body where they | phagocytose & process antigens |
| dendric cells | widely distributed cells that process antigens & present to lymphocytes |
| T lymphocytes can only respond to | processed antigens |
| B lymphocytes can respond to | intact antigens by processing them & display antigen fragments on their cell membranes |
| first step in acquired immune reaction is | recognition of foreign antigen |
| second step in acquired immune reaction is | proliferation of lymphocytes programmed to respond to antigen, forming larger group of cells |
| cells formed in response to an antigen during second step in acquired immune reaction are | clone cells |
| third step in acquired immune reaction is | destruction of antigen by lymphocytes responding to antigen |
| epitopes | small fragment of antigen displayed on cell membrane of antigen processing cell |
| antigenic determinants is another name for | epitopes |
| when appropriately stimulated B lymphocytes proliferate & mature into | antibody-forming plasma cells |
| when appropriately stimulated T lymphocytes proliferate forming diverse population of cells to | regulate immune response & generate cell-mediated immune reaction to eliminate antigenic material |
| after initial contact with an antigen there is a | lag phase of week/more before immune response is demonstrated |
| lag phase corresponds to | time required for processing antigen & for lymphocytes to respond |
| some lymphoid cells retain a memory of | foreign antigen that induced sensitization |
| later contact with the antigen provokes | renewed proliferation of sensitized lymphocytes or antibody-forming plasma cells |
| main function of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein is to serve as carrier for | processed foreign antigen fragments on the surface of cells to generate immune response |
| immune system response depends primarily on | lymphocytes & antigen-producing cells |
| type of T cells attack and destroy infected cells | cytotoxic |
| delayed hypersensitivity cells help suppress infections by | attracting macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells |
| immunoglobulin that forms a complex pentamer is | IgM |
| Immunoglobulins contain how many light chains? | two |
| hypersensitivity reaction characterized by complement-activated & cell-tissue injury | Immune Complex Disease & Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity |
| situations might make immune system suppression desirable | development of autoimmune disease, organ transplantation, & Rh hemolytic disease |
| method of immune system suppression that works primarily by destroying normal cells including lymphocytes is | radiation |
| Grafting of foreign tissue can provoke an immune response because the tissue contains | HLA antigens |
| autoimmune diseases of the connective tissues are characterized by | necrosis & degeneration of fibrous connective tissue |
| in response to displayed antigen-MHC Class II proteins by macrophage-like antigen processing cell | T cells having corresponding antigen receptors proliferate & form clone group of identical T cells |
| macrophages are activated when they | process & present antigen to T cells |
| macrophages secrete a cytokine that | stimulates T cells to proliferate |
| B lymphocytes have immunoglobulin molecules on their cell membranes functioning as | antigen receptors |
| the 2 major groups of T cells, regulator and effector T cells, | function together to regulate immune response & act against foreign antigens |
| regulator T cells are | T4 (CD4+) cells |
| T4 (CD4+) cells function as | helper & suppressor T cells |
| helper T cells promote immune response by | secreting cytokines that activate effector T cells & B cells |
| suppressor T cells promote immune response by | producing cytokines to inhibit excessive immune system stimulation |
| inhibits immune response & increases vulnerability to infection, i.e. AIDS | loss/destruction of helper T cells |
| cytotoxic & delayed hypersensitivity T cells are the two types of | effector T cells |
| T8 (CD8+) produce cytokines that destroy foreign/abnormal cells displaying antigen fragments combined with MHC Class I antigens | cytotoxic T cells |
| T4 (CD4+) respond to antigen processing cells presenting foreign antigen fragments combined w/MHC Class II antigens | delayed hypersensitivity T cells |
| delayed hypersensitivity T cells produce cytokines that activate & stimulate | macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, & NK cells |
| delayed hypersensitivity T cells stimulate macrophages to secrete | interferon & TNF |
| NK cells destroy virus infected cells & cancer cells through | cytokine-mediated cell destruction with no prior contact with antigen required |
| immune response genes | genes on chromosome 6 that control immune response to specific antigens |
| immune response genes regulate T & B cell proliferation in order to | regulate intensity of cell-mediated immune reaction & synthesis of antibody molecules |
| immune response genes influence likelihood of | acquiring autoimmune disease |
| classical pathway of complement activation triggered by | antigen-antibody interactions |
| alternate pathway of complement activation triggered by | bacterial cell wall material/products generated during inflammatory reactions |
| complement components interact to | mediate inflammation, coat surface of invading bacteria, & generate attack complex |
| attack complex | destroys target microorganism/abnormal cell by "punching holes" in cell membrane |
| immunoglobulins | antibody protein |
| immunoglobulins differ in size, chemical composition & molecular weight bit all have | same basic structure of 2 matched pairs of polypeptide chains joined by chemical bonds |
| variable part of the Ig molecule is | the "prong" end of the molecule, which is different in each antibody |
| immunoglobulins can only react with | specific antigen that induces its formation |
| the "handle" end of the Ig molecule does not combine with antigen by determines | other properties of antibody, such as ability to activate complement or fix to surface of cell membrane |
| IgM four-chain unit structure usually consists of | a cluster of five individual units |
| IgA four-chain unit structure usually consists of | a pair of units |
| antibody molecule junction of its constant & variable parts is | flexible, called hinged region |
| hinge region allows variable end of Y-shaped molecule to | adapt to configuration of antigen that it is binding |
| enzyme treatment of Ig | breaks a molecule into three fragments |
| variable region of Ig molecule treated with enzyme yields | two fragments called Fab fragments, antibody combining fragment |
| antibody combining fragment consists of | light chain & associated part of the heavy chain |
| after enzyme treatment the corresponding fragment, to Fab, is | constant region of molecule, called Fc fragment/constant fragment |
| IgM forms a large cluster efficient in combining with | large particle antigens, such as fungi |
| IgM is often called | a macroglobulin because of its large size & high molecular weight |
| IgM molecules can also be found as monomeric molecules attached to cell membrane surface of | B lymphocytes functioning as antigen receptors |
| IgG is the principle type of antibody molecule formed in response of | infectious agents |
| IgA produced by antibody-forming cells located in | respiratory & gastrointestinal mucosa & present in secretions of both |
| functions by forming antigen-antibody complexes that cannot be absorbed preventing | antigens from inducing sensitization |
| found in cell membranes of B lymphocytes & present in minute quantities in blood | IgD |
| present in small quantities of normal individuals blood, but concentrated in allergic individuals | IgE |
| immunity | resistance to disease |
| hypersensitivity | state of abnormal reactivity to foreign material |
| I: immediate hypersensitivity | IgE fix to mast cells & basophils; later contact w/antigen triggers mediator release & clinical manifestations |
| II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions | antibody binds to cell/tissue antigen, complement activated damaging cells, causing inflammation & destruction antibody-coated cell by phagocytosis |
| III: immune complex disease | circulating antigen-antibody complexes form, activating complement & causing inflammatory reaction |
| IV: delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity | sensitized T cells release lymphokines attracting macrophages & other inflammatory cells |
| localized response: hay fever, food allergy; systemic response: bee sting anaphylaxis | I: immediate hypersensitivity |
| lupus erythematosus, RA, some types glomerulonephritis | III: immune complex disease |
| tuberculosis, fungus/parasitic infections, contact dermatitis | IV: delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity |
| anaphylaxis | severe generalized IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction characterized by marked respiratory distress & fall in BP |
| atopic person | genetic predisposition to certain allergic conditions |
| allergen | substance capable of inducing allergic reaction in predisposed individual |
| desensitization | method of inducing diminished response to allergens by inducing formation of specific IgG & IgA antibodies |
| anaphylactoid reaction | hypersensitivity reaction resembling anaphylaxis but not caused by IgE antibodies |
| in Type I reaction IgE attaches to cell membrane by means of | Fc end (handle of fork) of molecule |
| in Type I reaction, upon 2nd exposure to sensitizing antigen, the antigen attaches to | free antibody combining sites (prongs of fork) on IgE molecules |
| in Type I reaction union of antigen & antibody cause | cells to release cytoplasmic granules filled w/histamine, prostaglandins & other potent chemical mediators |
| in Type I localized reactions are called | allergic reactions |
| in Type I systemic reactions are called | anaphylaxis |
| in an allergy the allergic manifestations are localized to | tissues exposed to allergens |
| desensitization induces formation of specific IgG & IgA antibodies which act by | combining w/allergen before can affix to cell-bound IgE & trigger release of mediators |
| prompt treatment with epinephrine & other appropriate agent is essential | anaphylaxis reaction |
| Mantoux skin test is used to detect | infection w/tubercle bacillus based on presence or absence of delayed hypersensitivity reaction to proteins of tubercle bacillus |
| only indicates prior infection w/organism & development of cell-mediated immunity; not indicative of active tuberculosis | Mantoux skin test |
| radiation, immunosuppressive drugs impeding cell division/function, adrenal corticosteroid hormones, & immunoglobulin preparations are | main types of immunosuppressive agents commonly used by physicians |
| exerts immunosuppressive effect by destroying lymphoid tissue | radiation |
| cytotoxic drugs | act by suppressing growth & division of lymphocytes |
| cytotoxic | producing cell necrosis or destruction |
| lymphoid tissue is especially susceptible to inhibitory effects of | cytotoxic drugs |
| antimetabolites | substance that competes with or replaces another substance (metabolite) required for cell growth/multiplication |
| cyclosporine | suppresses immune system in patient's receiving organ transplant |
| suppress inflammatory response, impair phagocytosis and inhibit protein synthesis | corticosteroids |
| act by interfering with generation of cytotoxic T cells, cytokines & autoantibodies | injections of immunoglobulins |
| rejection | immunologic process characterized by destruction of transplanted organ |
| certain HLA types appear to be associated with an increased susceptibility to | specific autoimmune diseases |
| many autoimmune diseases occur more frequently in | women |
| infection in person w/chronic autoimmune disease may cause | flare-ups of disease |
| manifestations of autoimmune disease depend on | which cells/tissue components are targeted for attack by the immune system |
| autoantibody-associated tissue injury results when antibodies become attached to cell membrane of | target cells, activating complement-mediated destruction, assisted by activated macrophages & killer lymphocytes |
| antigen & antibody may combine to form | immune complexes deposited in tissues & induce type of complement-mediated tissue injury |
| cell-mediated destruction of target tissues is caused by sensitized T lymphocytes that | secrete lymphokines, which generate destructive inflammatory reaction in target tissue/organ |
| instead of destroying target tissues, sometimes autoantibodies | derange function of target |
| group of diseases characterized by necrosis & degeneration of collagen fibers throughout body | connective-tissue/collagen diseases |
Created by:
lfrancois
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