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intro to micro
intro to microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fat molecules contain | fatty acids and lipids |
| lipids | fats phospholipids waxes and steroids |
| carbohydrates contain | carbon hydrogen oxygen |
| Inorganic molecules | any molecule not consisting of a carbon atom |
| organic molecules | carbon hydrogen nitrogen sulfur and oxygen |
| 2 types of nucleic acid | RNA DNA |
| makes up the cell membrane | a bilayer of phospholipids |
| 6 main component of a living cell | carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phospherous sulfur |
| 4 types of macromolecules | lipids carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids |
| lipids have one common trait | they are hydrophobic |
| primary role of fats in organisms | store energy |
| fats are also called triglycerides because | they contain three fatty acid molecules linked to a molecule of glycerol |
| phospholipids contain | two fatty acids and a phosphate |
| phospholipid head is________,and the tail is___________. | hydrophillic, hydrophobic |
| a familiar steroid which is an undesirable component of food | cholesterol |
| CH2O | carbohydrate |
| large carbohydrates used for the long term storage of chemical energy | starch and glycogen |
| smaller carbohydrate molecule serves as a ready energy | glucose |
| monosaccharides | glucose fructose |
| disaccharides | sucrose maltose lactose |
| polysaccharides | starch in plants and glycogen in animals |
| cell walls of bacteria are composed of | peptidoglycan which is made of polysaccharides and amino acids |
| the most complex organic compounds | protein |
| functions of protein | structure, enzymatic catalyst, regulate, transportation, defense and offense. |
| a proteins function is dependent on | its shape, which is determined by the molecular structure of its constituent parts |
| proteins made up of | amino acids |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; the most important short term energy storage molecule in cells |
| the sum of all synthesis reactions in an organism | anabolism |
| the sum of all decomposition reactions in an organism | catabolism |
| endothermic reactions | require energy |
| exothermic reactions | release energy |
| the sum of all anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions in an organism | metabolism |
| 4 main properties of water | solvent, liquidity, great capacity to absorb heat, and its participation in chemical reactions |
| vital inorganic compound | water |
| bacillus anthracis | Anthrax |
| 4 life processes | growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism |
| bacteria and archaea | Prokaryotes |
| describe prokaryotes | microbes that lack a cell nucleus and have no other membranous organelles |
| Eukaryotes | have a nucleus, more complex and larger than prokaryotes |
| animals, plants, algae, fungi, and protozoa are all__________ | eukaryotic |
| cells share common structural features, name 4 | external structures, cell walls, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm |
| external structures of prokaryotic cells include | glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili |
| sticky external sheaths of cells, that may be loosely attached slime layers or firmly attached capsules that prevent cells from drying out are | glycocalyces |
| enable cells to stick to each other and to surfaces in the environment | slime layers |
| protect cells from phagocytosis by other cells | capsules |
| composed of a basal body, hook, and filament and allows cells to move toward favorable conditions and away from unfavorable conditions | flagellum |
| nonmotile extensions of some bacterial cells | fimbriae |
| Pili | are hollow nonmotile tubes of protein that connect some prokaryotic cells |
| typical prokaryotic cell | ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid, glycocalyces, cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum, inclusions |
| true or false, red blood cells do not have a nucleus. | true |
| 2 bacterias that cause pneumonia, and have capsules to protect them | streptoccocus and klebsiella |
| flagella is attached to the cell was by protein rings. the number of rings differ according to gram negative and gram positive bacteria, how many rings for each | gram positive-2 ringsgram negative-4 rings |
| 4 types of flagella | monotrichous, lophotrichous. amphitrichous, peritrichous |
| movement to light | phototaxis |
| movement to chemicals | chemotaxis |
| taxis | movement in response to a stimulus |
| prokaryotic cell membrane is often referred to as a phospholipid bilayer. the phospholipid molecule is bipolar wh/ means | the molecule is hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
| First to discover and observe microbes | Leeuwenhoek |
| 5 basic categories of microorganisms | fungi, algae, protozoa, prokaryotes, small animals |
| fungi cells are | eukaryotic, they have cell walls, and they get their food from other animals |
| multicellular organisms that grow in long filaments called hyphae, reproduce asexually by spores | mold |
| mold that produces penicillin | pennicillan chrysogenum |
| produced by soybean fermentation | soy sauce |
| unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding, | yeast |
| saccharomyces cervisiae | caused bread to rise and produces alcohol from sugar |
| candida albicans | urogenital infections in women |
| animal like, eukaryote, usually live in water,capable of locomotion | protozoa |
| trypanosoma brucei | african sleeping disease |
| pseudopodia | extensions of a cell that flow in the direction of travel |
| numerous short hairlike protrusions of a cell that beat rhythmically to propel the protozoan through its environment | cilia |
| flagella | extensions of a cell but are fewer, longer and more whiplike than cilia |
| unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic organisms | algae |
| large algae that provide the most of the worlds oxygen | seaweed and kelp |
| acellular obligatory parasites composed of small amounts of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat | viruses |
| abiogenesis or life from inanimate objects | spontaneous generation |
| the Father of Microbiology | Louis Pasteur |
| heating liquids just enough to kill bacteria | pasteurization |
| pathogens cause disease | germ theory of disease |
| the study of the causation of diseases | etiology |
| Semmelweis | physician ridiculed for requiring medical students to wash their hands to prevent the spread of infections to women giving birth |
| modified and advanced the idea of antisepsis | Lister |
| founder of modern nursing, influential in introducing antiseptic technique into nursing | Florence Nightingale |
| Jenner | developed smallpox vaccine |
| discovered pennicillin | alexander fleming |
| sought a "magic bullet" to destroy pathogens and laid the foundations for chemotherapy | Ehrlich |
| Ehrlich | found chemicals that killed trypanosomes (african sleeping disease) |
| discovered that cholera epidemics due to unsafe and unclean drinking water supplies | Snow |
| treponema pallidum | syphilis |
| Koch's Postulates | suspected bacteria must be found in every case and be absent from healthy host.bacteria must be isolated and grown outside host.bacteria reintroduced to healthy susceptible host, the host must get the dz.the same bacteria must be reisolated. |
| two means of identifying bacteria | shape and stain |
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jndmj30
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